Analysis of The Essenes and the Dead Sea Scrolls Essay -- Biblical Scr

Analysis of The Essenes and the Dead ocean Scrolls PreambleThe grass withers and the flowers fall but the word of our God stands forever and a day Isaiah 40.8Mohammed Dib, a Bedouin guard of the TAmireh tribe (Keller, 1957, 401) could not have known that he would be the person who, in 1947, would bring to bear the words of Isaiah 40.8 This shepherd boy had been clambering around the clefts and gullies of a rock face on Wadi Qumran, north of the Dead Sea hoping to find one of his lost lambs. Thinking that it could have taken refuge in a cave he threw stones at the opening. He heard a jar break, became fearful and ran to fetch his fellow tribesmen. What they discovered were indite scrolls of ancient papyrus, stuffed in jars and wrapped in linen. The Bedouins thought that they could make money on the black market in Bethlehem so sold them for a some shekels. A bundle of four of these scrolls was purchased by the Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem, Yeshue Samuel who then stored them i n St. Marks Monastery. (Albright, 1954, 403)From this point in time interest in the scrolls escalated and in 1949 the oriental Institute in Chicago invited Yeshue Samuel to submit the scrolls for examination. The Dead Sea Scrolls were given extensive and exhaustive examinations including carbon testing which indicated that because the linen they were wrapped in was do from flax which had been harvested in the time of Christ that the scrolls were seen to have been copied around 100 B.C. (Albright, 1954, 404). From the time of the initial discovery there was also an upsurge in archeological expeditions to the atomic number 18a. unitary such expedition was in 1949 when Father Roland de Vaux, Dominican Director of the French Ecole Biblique et Archeologique at Jerusalem and Professor Lankester Harding the British Director of the Department of Antiquities in Amran arrived in Qumran. After the initial disappointment of findin g no complete scrolls or jars they literally examined the floor of the cave with their fingernails. What they institute allowed them to come to some astonishing conclusions (they found fragments and potsherds relating to Graeco-Roman times, dating from 30 B.C. to A.D. 70. Six hundred tiny scraps of leather and papyrus made it possible to recognize Hebrew transcriptions from Genesis, Deuteronomy, and the... ...ve been invented for the purpose of Christianity, that they are in fact the Word of God. Works CitedAlbright, W.F. Archeology and the Religion of Israel. The Bible as History Ed. Werner Keller. Trans. William Neil. London 1956 Hodder and Stoughton. 403Burrows, Millar. More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls and New Interpretations. New York 1955. The Viking Press. 1958. 180.Dupont-Sommer, A. The Essene Writings from Qumran. New York 1962. 23-38Ferguson, F. Backgrounds of Early Christianity. 1987. Grand Rapids, Mich 1990. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 1990. 369-421Harding , L. Journal of the Society of Oriental Research (JSOR). The Bible as History.Ed. Werner Keller. Trans. William Neil. London 1956 Hodder and Stoughton. 409- 410Josephus Flavius, The Jewish War. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England. 1959 Penguin Books Ltd. 129Lohse, E. The new Testament Environment. Trans. John E. Steeley. 1974 London SCM Press. 1989 89-115Tushingham, A. Douglas. The Men who hid the Dead Sea Scrolls. December. 1958 National Geographic MagazineVardaman, J. The Earliest Fragments of the New Testament. 1971-72 informative Times 374-376

George W. Norris :: essays research papers

On July 11, 1861 in York Township Ohio Mary Norris gave receive too a boy andnamed him George William Norris. When George was three his father died. After hisfather died his mother had to take care of eleven kids.When George was twenty he graduated with a bacheolrs degree and make a lawdegree. He passed the bar exam to earn a law degree. Later, he tought some school. Hedid all of these events from senesce twenty finished twenty-two.Georgemoved to Beatrice in 1885 annd opened a law office. He lived in Beatricefor a few months. Later, he moved to Beaver City where he met Pluma Lashely his firstwife. Plumas father died onne year after the wedding. His wife gave birth to thhreedaughters and died while trying to give birth to the fourth an unborn boy in 1901. Georgewould eventually get hitched with on July eighth. The girls name was Ellie Leonard who almostdied while giving birth to twins. Nnorris and Ellie went a childless life.George William Norris had a bright career. George was in congress from1913-1943 xxx years. He was the prexy of the ncpac which stands for NationalCitizen Political Action Committee. George was also the father of the TVA which standsfor Tennessee Valley Authority. He was a U.S. senator for Nebraska. He was the authorof the twentyth amendment. The twentyth amendment is the rights for the underprivilegedand tireless support of goverment reform.George William Norris died on folk second 1944 at the age of eighty-three. He died while still in political action.George W. Norris essays research papers On July 11, 1861 in York Township Ohio Mary Norris gave birth too a boy andnamed him George William Norris. When George was three his father died. After hisfather died his mother had to take care of eleven kids.When George was twenty he graduated with a bacheolrs degree and earned a lawdegree. He passed the bar exam to earn a law degree. Later, he tought some school. Hedid all of these events from age twenty through twenty-two.Georgemoved t o Beatrice in 1885 annd opened a law office. He lived in Beatricefor a few months. Later, he moved to Beaver City where he met Pluma Lashely his firstwife. Plumas father died onne year after the wedding. His wife gave birth to thhreedaughters and died while trying to give birth to the fourth an unborn boy in 1901. Georgewould eventually remarry on July eighth. The girls name was Ellie Leonard who almostdied while giving birth to twins. Nnorris and Ellie went a childless life.George William Norris had a bright career. George was in congress from1913-1943 thirty years. He was the chairman of the ncpac which stands for NationalCitizen Political Action Committee. George was also the father of the TVA which standsfor Tennessee Valley Authority. He was a U.S. senator for Nebraska. He was the authorof the twentyth amendment. The twentyth amendment is the rights for the underprivilegedand tireless advocate of goverment reform.George William Norris died on September second 1944 at the age of eighty-three. He died while still in political action.

Essay --

Every business concern has its ups and downs, only it just happened to be that we, as human beings, tend to drag our work problems with us to our personal life. Knowing how to separate work from personal life is knockout, especially in todays society considering the technology we have today. This research make me aware of the stress and everyday interactions that probation officers endure and I must admit, is more stressful than I thought. I have always imagined a probation officers job much more facile not having such a huge caseload, but like they say, ignorance is bliss. In the following essay, I will be discussing the findings about the stress of a probation officer.This first study did not mention exactly how many officers were used in this study but it stated that 39 to 55 percent have experienced work related violence or threats. (ncjrs.gov). Most of the work related stress did not come from the offenders but from the agency itself. There are three major types of stress in the probation world, high caseloads, paper work and lastly but not least deadlines. And as many jobs have it, about 87 percent blame their supervisor for one of the causes of stress. They said the lack of advancement of the job, and recognizing well job done. (ncjrs.gov). As we plunder see already, each and one of these stress actors is tied to another. Now the question to ask is how these strong and willing full individual deal and cope with their stress. or so said they took extra sick days just for themselves and other by going to church, venting with family, friends or co workers and others by exercising. (ncjrs.gov)There has been some mite to create stress relief programs. Few of the reasons to create relief stress programs is so probation officer will call out s... ...alifying ones.( White, Gasperin, Nystrom, Ambrose, Esarey). Their reason was because of the salary of the job and format. They continue saying that one must be mature, tolerance, open minded, patience and se lf confidence. .( White, Gasperin, Nystrom, Ambrose, Esarey). This brings up a good point. Wanting to be a conjunction correction officer must be a job one loves and have passion for it because the pay and burnouts that come along with it are not the greatest. ane most really consider all the option, pros, and cons of the job before take it. Being a probation officer is like working in the back of a movie scene. Also that one must seen the offender beyond their offense. .( White, Gasperin, Nystrom, Ambrose, Esarey). Trying to see the offender by their offense takes a lot of humbleness. Its hard to see pass someone who molested a child or murder and innocent child

Industry and Corporate Risk :: essays research papers

IntroductionOrganizations today face several business happens that can harbour an effect on their financial statements. The audit pretend stick is a tool that auditors use to help identify those bumps. To better understand how the audit risk model can help identify risks, we will examine how the model can be applied to the Coca-Cola Corporation and the limitations of using the model.Components of the ModelThe audit risk model is composed of the equation, audit risk (AR) equals inherent risk (IR) times control risk (CR) times detection risk (DR). Audit risk is the risk that the auditor may fail to modify their opinion on misstatements in the financial statements. Inherent risk is the risk of an assertion being made on worldly misstatements, assuming that there is no problem with related internal controls. Control risk is the risk that material misstatements could occur in an assertion that be not detected or prevented by the existing internal controls. Detection risk is the ri sk that the auditor will not detect a material misstatement in the assertion (Messier, 2003, pg. 94). In the process of assessing the auditee risk, the auditor must determine the entitys business risk. This can be done by evaluating the nature of the entity, industry, regulatory, and early(a) external factors, management, governance, objective and strategies, measurement and performance, and business processes (Messier, 2003, pg. 98).Examples of possible business risks can be found in the Coca-Cola Corporation. Coca-Cola faces different regulatory practices since it has operations in countries right(prenominal) of the United States. These operations include North America, Africa, Asia, Europe, Eurasia, and Middle East, and Latin America. Another business risk for Coca-Cola is that the nature of the business can be seasonal. The demand for the produce can fluctuate from one location to another and may fluctuate over time within a single location. Coca-Cola also acquired ownership or licensing rights to products in Croatia, Argentina, Mexico, and Bahrain in 2004, which create new business risks. The company also uses two different units of measurement to figure sales. The measurements are gallons and cases of finished products. The difference in measurement can cause errors in measurement, therefore possibly creating another business risk (Coca-Cola, March 4, 2005, pg. 2, 4).Applying the ModelThe use of the audit risk model should be applied at the account balance or class of transaction take. There are three steps to applying the model, the steps include scene a planned level of audit risk, determining inherent and control risk, and solving the risk equation in order to determine the appropriate level of detection risk (Messier, 2003, pg.

Atomic Bombs :: essays research papers

An atomic bomb is a bomb in which the splitting of atomic nuclei results in an explosion of tremendous force and heat, accompanied by a blinding light. The destructive force of an atomic bomb is due to around instantaneous and uncontrolled successivefissions of uranium or plutonium atoms in a chain reaction, each fission releasing tremendous energy and excessively neutrons which produce the succeeding fission (The World Book Dictionary 129). In other words, these bombs are very powerful. This was demonstrated in 1940, when we dropped an Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima during World War II. This bomb left a crater, in the ground, that was over a half of a mile long. One of the first instances that these bombs were used was called the Manhattan assure. The Manhattan Project was created by the United States government in 1942 to produce the first nuclear bomb. The official agency that produced the bomb was the Corps of Engineers Manhattan Engineer District, commanded by Major public Lesli e R.Groves. He directed industrial and research activities at such sites as Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, naked Mexico (The World Book Encyclopedia 141). Here they designed to bombs that were ulterior called The Fat Man and The Little Boy. There was later a movie named after the two bombs that showed how they were made and theexperiences that came with making them. A worker was killed during the lowest stages of the Manhattan Project when a critical assemblage of fissile material was accidentally brought together by hand. This incident, which was dramatized in Fat Man and Little Boy, pre-dated remote-control assembly of such components, but the hazards of manualassembly were known at the time (U.S. Nuclear Accidents, Internet). Only 9 months after that, a similar problem occurred which at that place were 8 people that got radiation exposure and 7 of them died because of it. In the past, there were very many nuclear accidents. One of these was in 1982. International Nutr onics in Dover, New Jersey, which used radiation baths to purify gems, chemicals, food, and medical supplies, experienced an accident that completely contaminated the plant, forcing its closure. A pump malfunctioned, siphoning water from the baths onto the floor the water eventually was drained into the sewer system of the heavily populated town of Dover. The NRC wasnt informed of the accident until ten months later. In 1986, the company and one of its top executives were convicted by a federal jury of conspiracy and fraud.

Atomic Bombs :: essays research papers

An atomic bomb is a bomb in which the splitting of atomic nuclei results in an explosion of tremendous force and heat, come with by a blinding light. The destructive force of an atomic bomb is due to nearly instantaneous and uncontrolled successivefissions of uranium or plutonium atoms in a chain reaction, each fission releasing tremendous energy and also neutrons which produce the succeeding fission (The World Book vocabulary 129). In other words, these bombs are very powerful. This was demonstrated in 1940, when we dropped an Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima during World War II. This bomb left a crater, in the ground, that was over a half of a mile long. One of the initiatory instances that these bombs were used was called the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was created by the United States government in 1942 to produce the first nuclear bomb. The official agency that produced the bomb was the Corps of Engineers Manhattan Engineer District, commanded by Major General Leslie R .Groves. He directed industrial and research activities at such(prenominal) sites as Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico (The World Book Encyclopedia 141). Here they designed to bombs that were later(prenominal) called The Fat Man and The Little Boy. There was later a movie named after the two bombs that showed how they were made and theexperiences that came with making them. A worker was killed during the final stages of the Manhattan Project when a critical assembly of fissile bodily was strokingally brought together by hand. This incident, which was dramatized in Fat Man and Little Boy, pre-dated remote-control assembly of such components, but the hazards of manualassembly were known at the time (U.S. Nuclear Accidents, Internet). Only 9 months after that, a similar problem occurred which there were 8 people that got radiation exposure and 7 of them died because of it. In the past, there were very many nuclear accidents. One of these was in 1982. International Nut ronics in Dover, New Jersey, which used radiation baths to purify gems, chemicals, food, and medical supplies, experienced an accident that completely contaminated the plant, forcing its closure. A pump malfunctioned, siphoning water from the baths onto the floor the water eventually was drained into the sewer system of the heavily populated town of Dover. The NRC wasnt informed of the accident until ten months later. In 1986, the company and one of its top executives were convicted by a federal jury of conspiracy and fraud.

Thesis: Design and Fashion

Fashion may strike the public as of little importance and even refer to it as a luxury. However, manner is evident everywhere especially in todays society where personal manner has become a meaner of self-expression. The popular society of today are becoming to a greater extent and more aware of the importance of fashion in their daily lives or, to the least, in important occasions where first impression already matter. The widespread awareness of fashion entails fictive minds to innovate and design not only aesthetic wise apparel and accessories but also for functional and racial purposes.In order to produce competent designers and artisans enquire an institute which can address the proper training of these artistic and skilful work forces. Zebu is full of potential fashion designers and artisans therefore gaining its title as the fictive City of the Philippines by the London based Creative Cities Campaign. This hunt down aims to preserve, promote, and develop the existing po tential creative mindset of a chosen city. Living up to the standards of this campaign are schools inclined to the arts and a fashion institute would add up to this elopement as we have several internationally acclaimed fashion designers. Fashion schools lead improve the acceptance of our local fashion designers and artisans professionally through proper certification of educational disclosement. An institution duly credited and recognized by the faculty member society will boost the fashion industry in Zebu and hopefully pioneer in the whole Philippines. Existing fashion schools in the Philippines have of late branched out to other regions of the country hoping to cultivate potential fashion designers. Their curriculum strictly focuses on clothing design.There are also other schools crack courses which are related to fashion namely make-up, styling, and fashion photography. The fashion schools in the Philippines specifically in Zebu city cater only to the involvement of desig ning skills without the pensiveness of these designs. On the other hand, the training for artisans only revolve around the technical skills of production without the exposure of working with designers. Combining these two elements in one quickness creates a unique academic governing body which promotes sustainability among students.Educational attainment in the field of the arts have unfortunately long been selected and seen only as a hobbyhorse in the Philippines. Its is only up until now where schools focusing on the arts have sprouted all through out the country. This is due to the uprising digital and commercial age. Fashion in particular is beginning to take its mark in the Philippine academic and professional scene. Putting up a fashion institute strategically located in the center of the Philippine map would cater those who aspire to become professional designers and artisans.Therefore, lessening or eliminating the need to go abroad to acquire proper education and trainin g. In order o successfully teach and train students, who are artistically inclined to fashion, will be the use of architecture as an instrument to provide an efficient facility. The current set-up of fashion schools in Zebu are vocational trainings that prepare them only in atrophied scale enterprise and are trained in spaces where they tend to dwell in their own personal space resulting to the elimination of learning opportunities. This type of set-up risks the sustainability of students in their future careers as designers.This imposes the need to create additional spaces that examine their learning experience. The proponents of this study intend to design a facility tailored to accommodate the spacial needs of a fashion design institute which takes advantage of learning opportunities. The proponents of this study also intend to correlate the flow of curricular activities and spaces required to attain maximum efficiency of both the architecture of the institute and the curriculu m/educational system to be adapted. Thus, this study aspires to answer the following questions 1. What are the factors to consider in designing the proposed project? . How do paces interact with each other? 3. What configuration of spaces is most efficient for both indoor and outdoor circulation considering curricular activities and institutional operations? 4. What amenities and facilities are undeniable? 5. What atmosphere is conducive for students to conveniently improve their talents and skills without influencing their aesthetic? The study seeks to introduce a new type of educational system aided with the proper facilities specifically and efficiently designed to accommodate the needs of the institutes specialized curriculum. The study aims to envision 1 .Aims to adapt a curriculum magnetic dip towards a holistic and comprehensive system of education. 2. Aims to improve and/or develop raw talents and skills in the field of fashion. 3. Aims to provide adequate facilities and o ther amenities necessary to achieve the utmost fulfillment of the institutes educational system. The main objective of this study is to come up with a functional and effective design solution for a fashion institute in Zebu city and in the Philippines as a whole. The following is intended to be accomplished by the end of the study 1. research the needed space requirements for the project proposal. Research on potential industries that the community can adopt a sense of having a fashion institute. 3. Design an institution for fashion and other related courses with the proper and efficient planning of spaces in coherence with its operational and educational system. 4. Establish an actuarially design concept.

Cb Prepartions Essay

Social character traits have shown that inner and separate-directed consumers may have different preferences in terms of promotional messages. Inner-directed people prefer advertisements that stress personal benefits while different-directed people seem to prefer advertisements that feature social acceptance. (a) HIGHLY DOGMATIC CUSTOMERS It is a personality trait that measures the degree of rigidity (versus makeness) that individuals display towards unfamiliar and towards teaching that is contrary to their own established beliefs. Dogmatism general tendency to be open or obstructd to brisk ideas and innovations.A person who is high in bigotry approaches the unfamiliar defensively while the person who is low in dogmatism will rarely consider unfamiliar or opposing beliefs. * more receptive is Ads for rude(a) products or services that contains an appeal from the authoritative figure. Marketer uses celebrities and experts to their new product advert for making it easier for th e potentially reluctant customers. * Highly dogmatic consumers are likely to respond favorably to a new product when the advertising message is presented in an authoritarian manner (e. g. celebrity endorsement or expert testimonials). * prefer traditionalistic or established products rather than innovative ones. close minded towards unfamiliar and untoward information that is contrary to their own established beliefs * approach such information with considerable discomfort and uncertainty. promotional message just just about suitable would be endorsement or appeal from an authoritative figure. * New products need to be presented in an authoritative manner and that celebrities could be employed to reach dogmatic consumers who are more closed minded. For example Colgate Dental Cream with Doctors and Experts endorsements. Anti-Polio Campaign featuring Amitabh and Sachin Tendulkar also useAuthoritative statements. The Cadburys brand took a beatng in sales afterwards the worms were found in somepackets. Dogmatic Consumers stopped purchasing the Brand. Amitabh Bacchhanwas then used as Authority figure to reestablish Brand. b) Inner-directed consumers * tend to use their own set and standards in evaluating a new product * ads aimed at them should depict the attainment of personal achievement and satisfaction. ads that stress product features and benefits, which enable them to usetheir own values and standards in evaluating products * rely on their own inner values or standards in evaluating new products and are likely to be the consumer innovators. * other directed customers tend to interpret to others for guidance as to what is appropriate or what is inappropriate. * be prefer ads that stress product features and personal benefits ( enabling them to use their own values and standards in evaluating products whereas the other * For example Surf Ad showing Shabana Azmi saving two buckets of water is an example of the same.The latest from Surf Excel is currently running on television. This is the ad where many people are seen walking with two buckets full of water. They then pour it into a large reservoir. At this point none other than Shabana Azmi informs you what a great thing thissaving of water is for the country and implores you to use Surf Excel. * manufacturer of cameras who advertises to inner-directed consumers should stress the ability to take better pictures and the resulting personal satisfaction. c) Consumers with a high best stimulation level * more open to risk-taking, more likely to be innovative have a greater willingness to take risks, try products with many new features, and shop in new retail outlets. * likely to respond favorably to promotional messages stressing more rather than less risk, novelty,or excitement. * to seek purchase related information and to accept new retail facilities. * For example The exciting and exotic Vacation Campaign of Malasia-Truly Asia is positioning ofAirways to sell the Asian Adventures. These enjoy thinking. They are responsive to that bulge of Ad that is rich in Information.The individuals representing this group are adventurous and often related to entrepreneurial environments. The innovators run the risk that the innovation does not catch on, and frankincense subject themselves to a potential loss they must be prepared to absorb. Therefore innovators have to live with the uncertainty about the potentials of the applied science, which can be viewed upon as the price to pay for being pioneers in a new field catalyzing the diffusion of new technologies.The early(a) adopters are ready to adopt a new technology when they observe that other individuals has started adopting, and sees the potential for being some of the first adopters of a new and promising technology. These individuals are often a more merged part of the local society than the innovators, and their adoptions are crucial for the technology to take off and get hold of the broad public. For the earl y adopters the uncertainties about the merits of the new technology are strongly diminished, and can therefore adopt the new technology without running the risk of buying a young and untested technology.This group accounts for about one third of the total number of adopters, and provide the link between the progressive early adopters and the more skeptical later adopters. In the latter fractional of the spectrum the late majority also represent about a third of the adopters. This group is skeptical to new innovations, and is not willing to adopt, until a lot of other people have adopted before them ensuring the success of the technology and possibly massive network effects. The last 16 % of the adopters, the laggards, often focus on traditional values and base their decisions on past events.They are suspicious of any new inventions to change the way life are traditionally lived, and must be 100 % certain that the technology will prevail before they are willing to adopt. From a cons umers point of view it is essential to think about the decisions of in store(predicate) adopters when choosing what technology to go with. The decisions of previous adopters are on the other hand a know factor and plays a role for the decision also. So does the social organisation of the market, i. e. which technologies are available at the time of adoption, compared to potential superior technologies that could be available in the future.Recent findings indicate that there is a lack of willingness to expect by the early adopters. 11 This high priority of being among the very first users of a new technology is said to inflict negative externalities on the later adopters. These later adopters can be forced to adopt an inferior technology to make sure that they are compatible with the technologies of the early adopters, or they efficiency be forced to give up compatibility to get a superior technology. That said the diffusion of new technologies is often strongly dependent on the choices of the early adopters.

Artwork Essay

The Self-Portrait with a adhered ear by Vincent Van van Gogh and The Two Fridas by Mexican painter Kahlo Frida ar depicting the artists deep hurt and emotional breakdown at losing their special person in life. However, the portrait The Two Fridas is representing the artists conflicting mental mind more into details and straightforward than Vincent Van Goghs self-portrait The Bandaged Ear. In The Two Fridas, she uses various actions and clear setting to help viewing audience the theme of painting easily. The background is filled with the agitated clouds on the stormy dark sky and it obviously reflects her inner pain.Frida who sits on the left side portrays jilted Frida by her husband Diego Rivera. On the right, it represents loved and respected Frida by him. The two Fridas hold hands each other as if loved Frida tries to join scorned Fridas suffering. It also implies her only companion is herself since she was six years old. She was isolated from other people due to her health problems. In The bandaged ear, Van Gogh pierces the viewers feeling using the facial give tongue toion rather than actions. His pale and thin face like Jesus Christ in a late medieval painting and every brushstroke that he made on the canvas tells his pitiful presence at the time.In fact, it is not easy to contractable the purpose of the Japanese painting on the wall behind Van Gogh. For late 18th century, European artists considered the traditional Japanese art as a utopian aestheticism. So, he uses the Japanese painting for representing his lost paradise. Frida utilizes umteen symbolic and striking objects to illustrate her turmoil. The two tits express her pain. The abandoned Fridas heart is dying while the other Fridas heart is whole. The unloved Frida is holding the surgical pincer to cut off a vein that travels through both Fridas hearts.Frida tries to stop the flow of blood from loved Frida on the right. Therefore, the blood is dripping on her albumin dress and it is the sign of danger of bleeding to death. In addition, her white dress is ripped open and it refers her broken relationship between Diego. Van Gogh simply uses fewer objects than Fridas portrait. In combination of wearing a bandage across his ear to under his chin and his sallow skin imply his health condition is unwell. He may be shivering inside because he wears a coat and hat. Frida Kahlo has been associated with the surrealist movement which is the most influential movement in early 1900s.This movement is influenced by Sigman Freud and Karl Max and they are well known psychologists. The surrealists cogitate the conscious mind repress the power of imagination so they are willing to depict their unlimited imagination. They expose the uncensored feeling as if in a dream. Also, they use many different kinds of symbols and colors to make art more details and straightforward. Unlike surrealist Frida, the impressionist artist Van Gogh conveys the sheath of his art by demonstrating the te chniques of loose brushstrokes that barely forms the figure and it makes his piece sort of like a sketch or unfinished painting.He uses not many different colors but instead he focuses on putting shadows or highlights in color. Both of great self portraits portray the artists mental and tangible collapse in their own stylistic and unique techniques. However, Kahlo Fridas painting is easier to analyze the subject of artwork than Van Goghs painting. Because, she chooses varieties of symbols and colors to express her strange and violent imaginations and it definitely helps viewers easy to define her painful heart through her painting.

Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Six

I dont know how you could possibly be bored, Savitri said to me, contention on an observation deck rail as we looked out from Phoenix Station to the Magellan. This place is great.I looked over at her with mock suspicion. Who are you, and what entertain you done with Savitri Guntupalli?I dont know what you mean, Savitri said, blandly.The Savitri I know was sarcastic and bitter, I said. You are all gushy, like a schoolgirl. Therefore Youre non Savitri. You are whatever horrible spunky camouflaged alien occasion, and I hate you.Point of order, Savitri said. Youre a schoolgirl, and you hardly ever gush. Ive known you for years and I dont believe I have ever seen you involved in a gushing incident. You are almost entirely gush-free.Fine, you gush even more than a schoolgirl, I said. Which but makes it worse. I hope youre happy.I am, Savitri said. Thank you for noticing.Hrrrumph, I said, rol direct my eyes for extra effect, and applied myself to the observation deck rail with renewed moodiness.I was not actually irritated with Savitri. She had an excellent reason to be excited all her life shed been on Huckleberry and now, finally, she was somewhere else on Phoenix Station, the space station, the largest single thing human had ever built, hovering above Phoenix, the home planet of the entire Colonial Union. For as long as I had known her which was for as long as she had been my dads assistant, hold up in New Goa, on Huckleberry Savitri had cultivated an air of general smart-assery, which is one reason I adored her and looked up to her. atomic number 53 has to have contribution models, you know.But after(prenominal) we had lifted from Huckleberry her excitement from finally establish to see more of the universe had gotten to her. Shed been unguardedly excited about(predicate) everything she even got up early to go steady the Magellan, the ship that would include us to Roanoke, dock with Phoenix Station. I was happy for her that she was so excited abo ut everything, and I mocked her mercilessly for it every chance I got. One day, yes, thither would be payback Savitri taught me much of what I know about being a smartass, but not everything she knew about it but until so it was one of the fewer things keeping me entertained.Listen Phoenix Station is huge, its busy, and unless you have an actual job or like Savitri are just in from the sticks there is nothing going on. Its not an amusement park, its just a big dull combination of government offices, docks and military headquarters, all jammed into space. If it werent for the fact that stepping immaterial to get some fresh air would kill you no fresh air, just lung-popping vacuum it could be any big, faceless, dead-boring civic center anywhere humans come together to do big, faceless, dead-boring civic things. It is not designed for fun, or at least any course of fun I was interested in having. I suppose I could have filed something. That would have been a kick.Savitri, in a ddition to being insensibly excited not to be on Huckleberry, was in addition being worked like a dog by John and Jane The three of them had spent nearly all their clip since we arrived at Phoenix Station getting up to speed on Roanoke, learning about the colonists who would be with us, and overseeing the loading of supplies and equipment onto the Magellan. This didnt come as news to me, but it did leave me with not a on the whole lot to do, and no one much to do it with. I couldnt even do much with Hickory, Dickory, or Babar Dad told Hickory and Dickory to lay low darn we were on Phoenix Station, and dogs werent really allowed the run of the station. We had to lay out paper towels for Babar to do his thing on. The first night I did this and tried to get him to take care of business, he gave me a look that said you have got to be kidding. Sorry, buddy. Now pee, damn it.The only reason I was getting some time with Savitri at all was that through a clever combination of whining and guilt I had convinced her to take her lunch break with me. Even consequently she had brought her personal digital assistant and spent half of lunch going over manifests. She was even excited about that. I told her I thought she might be ill.Im sorry youre bored, Savitri said, back in the present. You might want to hint to your parents.Trust me, I did, I said. Dad actually stepped up, too. He said hes going to take me down to Phoenix. Do some last-minute shopping and other things. The other things were the main reason for us to go, but I didnt want to bring them up to Savitri I was drab enough as it was.You havent come across any other colonists your own age yet? Savitri asked.I shrugged. Ive seen some of them.But you havent spoken to any of them, Savitri said. non really, I said.Because youre shy, Savitri said.Now your sarcasm comes back, I said.Im sympathetic to your boredom, Savitri said. But less so if youre just marinating in it. She looked around at the observation desk, wh ich had a few other people in it, sitting or reading or staring out at the ships docked at the station. What about her? she said, pointing to a girl who looked about my age, who was looking out the deck window.I glanced over. What about her? I said.She looks about as bored as you, Savitri said.Appearances sight be deceiving, I said.Lets check, Savitri said, and before I could stop her called to the other girl. Hey, Savitri said.Yes? the girl said.My friend here thinks shes the most bored teenage girl on the entire station, Savitri said, pointing at me. I had nowhere to cringe. I was wondering if you had anything to say about that.Well, the girl said, after a minute. I dont want to brag, but the quality of my boredom is outstanding.Oh, I like her, Savitri said to me, and wherefore waved the girl over. This is Zoe, she said, introducing me. I can talk, I said to Savitri.Gretchen, she said, extending her hand to me.Hello, I said, taking it.Im interested in your boredom and would like to hear more, Gretchen said.Okay, I thought. I like her too.Savitri smiled. Well, since you two seem to be equally matched, I have to go, she said. There are containers of soil conditioners that need my attention. She gave me a peck, waved to Gretchen, and left.Soil conditioners? Gretchen said to me, after she had gone.Its a long story, I said.Ive got nothing but time, Gretchen said.Savitri is the assistant to my parents, who are heading up a new colony, I said, and pointed to the Magellan. Thats the ship were going on. One of Savitris jobs is to make sure that everything thats on the manifest list actually gets put on the ship. I guess shes up to soil conditioners.Your parents are John Perry and Jane Sagan, Gretchen said.I stared at her for a minute. Yeah, I said. How do you know?Because my dad talks about them a lot, she said, and motioned toward the Magellan. This colony your parents are leading? It was his idea. He was Eries representative on the CU legislature, and for years h e argued that people from established colonies should be able to colonize, not just people from Earth. Finally the Department of Colonization agreed with him and then it gave the leadership of the colony to your parents instead of him. They told my dad it was a political compromise.What did your dad think about that? I asked.Well, I just met you, Gretchen said. I dont know what sort of language you can handle.Oh. Well, thats not good, I said.I dont think he hates your parents, Gretchen said, quickly. Its not like that. He just assumed that after everything he did, hed get to lead the colony. Disappointment doesnt even begin to cover it. Although I wouldnt say he likes your parents, either. He got a file on them when they were appointed and then spent the day muttering to himself as he read it.Im sorry hes disappointed, I said. In my head I was wondering if I needed to write Gretchen off as a possible friend one of those stupid our houses are at war scenarios. The first person my ag e I meet, going to Roanoke, and we were already in different camps.But then she said, Yeah, well. At a certain point he got a little stupid about it. He was comparing himself to Moses, like, Oh, Ive led my people to the promised land but I cant enter myself and here she made little hand movements to accentuate the point and thats when I decided he was overreacting. Because were going, you know. And hes on your parents advisory council. So I told him to suck it up.I blinked. You actually used those words? I said.Well, no, Gretchen said. What I actually said was I wondered if I kicked a puppy if it would whine more than he did. She shrugged. What can I say. Sometimes he needs to get over himself.You and I are so all in all going to be best friends, I said.Are we? she said, and grinned at me. I dont know. What are the hours?The hours are terrible, I said. And the pay is even worse.Will I be treated horribly? she asked.You will cry yourself to sleep on a nightly basis, I said.Fed crus ts? she asked.Of course not, I said. We feed the crusts to the dogs.Oh, very nice, she said. Okay, you pass. We can be best friends.Good, I said. Another life decision taken care of.Yes, she said, and then moved away from the rail. Now, come on. No point squander all this attitude on ourselves. Lets go find something to point and laugh at.Phoenix Station was a lot more interesting after that.

Causes of Crime

The causes of crime are usually physical abnormalities, psychological disorders, affectionate and economic factors, broken windows, income and education. By the ordinal century criminologists looked to a wide range of factors to explain why a soulfulness would commit crimes. These included biological, psychological, social, and economic factors. Usually a combination of these factors is posterior a person who commits a crime. Reasons for committing a crime include greed, anger, jealously, revenge, or pride.Criminologists focused on the physical characteristics and sanity of an individual. They believed it was predetermined or that people had no control over whether they would lead a life of crime. For example, criminologists believed people with smaller heads, sloping foreheads, large jaws and ears, and certain heights and weights had a greater chance to be criminals.As late as the 1950s researchers continued to investigate the relationship of body types to crime. Aside from bio logical traits indicating a natural tendency toward criminal act by some individuals, Lombroso and other early twentieth century researchers also reasoned that criminal behavior could be a direct result of psychological disorders. They believed these mental disorders could be diagnosed and possibly cured. If this was true, then criminal activity could be considered a disease and the offender could be cured through psychiatric treatment.In addition to studying the biological and psychological causes of criminal behavior, others looked toward society in general for possible causes. In the early 1900s researchers believed social changes occurring in the United States, such(prenominal) as an industrial economy replacing the earlier agricultural economy and the growth of cities, as well as the steady flow of immigrants from eastern europium affected crime levels.In the 1990s a new idea spread through the criminal justice field concerning the influence of a persons social environment on crime rates. The idea was that general disorder in the neighborhood leads to increased antisocial behavior and eventually to serious crime. For most of the twentieth century, police primarily reacted to serious crimes such as rape, murder, and robbery often with little overall success in curbing crime rates. So, the thinking went, if political science eliminated disorder, then serious crimes would drop. Disorder creates fear among citizens of unsafe streets they avoid public areas allowing criminals to gain a foothold. The neighborhood goes into a downward spiral because as crime increases, then disorder increases further.Another theory from 1930s criminologists was that unemployment could be a major cause of crime. Society teaches that persistence and hard work lead to in-person financial rewards however, educational opportunities are often limited to those who can afford to attend college. People who do not receive higher education or college degrees are often forced to take low er paying antics. Some attempt to achieve material success through illegal means in this sense social forces can lead a person into crime. The belief that education plays an enormous role in deterring crime led to educational programs and job training in prisons. Education and job training not only provide a way to find a job and make a legal living, but potentially places the person into a better social environment once he or she is back in society. Criminologists believe a good job creates social and personal attachments to a persons community that in turn influence whether or not to commit a crime. A person is less likely to commit a crime, even if there will be substantial rewards, if he or she is tied to the community and is respected by its members.

Democracy in Nigeria Essay

By whitethorn 2009, Nigerias nascent republic should have been a decade. Thus, the thrust of this paper is an in depth analysis of the possibility of sustaining elective values beyond whatever(prenominal) sudden reversal. The. paper however, takes a cursory look at the daunting challenges ahead and infers that unless the giving medication increases social expenditure and substitute the current brazen corruption, the hope of democratic consolidation may razetually be a mirage.Key words res publica, nascent, corruption, state law and orderAs rightly collated by Decalo1, the events in Africa alsok scholars by surprise, since most doubted Africa could move towards commonwealth. Even in the mid-1980s, wholeness argued that by reason of their poverty or the violence of their politics, African states were un likely to move in a democratic direction. Another adding that to have expected democracy to flourish would have been historical blindness3, since outside the consequence (in dustrialized states) democracy is a rarity, support for Tillys thesis why Europe will not occur over again with a few censures, the limits of democratic exploitation in the world may well have been reached4. However, despite the doubts and skepticisms openly expressed by scholars, Nigeria, like several other African countries, became democratic. On May 29, 1999 Nigeria became a democratic state.Prior to 1999 political transition, Nigeria was under firm array autocracy and absolutism for close to 29 social classs (since 1966), when the military made their offshoot incursion into Nigerias government and politics, following the collapse of the first republic5. It is vital to note that authoritarian governments were interrupted only by a brief occlusive of civilian rule in the Second Republic (1979-1983)6. Thus, Nigerias march to constitutional democracy was a chequered integrity marked by anti-colonial struggles, crises, coups, counter-coups, and a thirty-month agonizing civil war between 1967 and 1970.So far, Nigeria has passed through several phases in her democratization bid viz (a) era of colonial autocracy and absolutism, that is, period of testicle colonialism till October 1st 1960, when the country gained flag independence (b) emergence of constitutional democracy (1960-1966), (c) the return of military autocracy and absolutism (1966-1979) (d) restoration of constitutional democracy (1979-1983) and (e) the second coming of military autocracy and absolutism (1983-1989) . 7 Since 1989, that Nwabueze made that observation, the polity has added more phases to her democratization bid.With the inglorious stepping aside of General Ibrahim Babangidas establishment in 1993, an Interim National Government (ING) was put in place, headed by Chief Ernest Shonekan, handpicked by an unelected military prexy (General Babangida), thereby making the ING suffer a serious legitimacy crisis ab initio6. The interim contraption collapsed after eighty-two days, fol lowing the declaration that it was illegal by a Lagos High Court in a suit instituted by the assumed winner of the June 12, 1993 presidential preference Chief M.K. 0. Abiola. Cashing-in on the court verdict, General Sani Abacha staged a coup detat, dissolved all the extant democratic structures retained by the ING, and once again, returned the country to a fiilJ blown military dictatorship. It was in this state of confusion that Gen. Abacha died in June 8, 1998 in a mysterious circumstance. Gen. Abdulsalam Abubakar, who took over after the demise of Gen. Abacha, who had a transition programme reputed to be the shortest in the annals of military-midwife political transitions in Nigeria.Eventually, proscribe all odds, Gen. Abubakar handed over the reins of government to Chief Olusegun Obasanjo (a retired general) in 1999. With the inauguration of Chief Obasanjos civilian administration in 1999, hopes were high once again that democracy would be sustained and consolidated. unless a las, the military background of Chief Obasanjo became a serious liability on the system when the supposedly democratic government became a replica of dictatorship in its entire facet.By 2003, after the expiration of his first term, his administration conducted a general election, and handed over to itself. This election was generally perceived to have been massively rigged. 9 In 2007, at the expiration of his administrations constitutionally mandated second term, another general election was conducted to usher in another civil government. This election was remarkable in a number of ways. First, it was after eight tumultuous years of democracy the lasting period since independence from the United Kingdom in I960. 0 Secondly, for the first time in the history of the country, there was a civilian-civilian transfer of forefinger.It would have been even more remarkable if there had been a transfer of indicator from the ruling party to the opposition. Mean epoch, the thrust of this paper is an indepth analysis of the major challenges facing the nascent democracy in Nigeria to prevent it from the threats of authoritarian repression or what David Beetham calls reverse waves. 2 It is to these anti-democratic forces that could lead to democratic reverse which had taken place in Mauritania recently via a military coup detat that we now turn to. (A) As I have argued elsewhere13, quantitative cross-national research on the sparing determinants of democracy and democratization generally systematically reveals that a countrys level of economic development is associated positively and strongly with the extent to which the political systems manifest properties of democracy.There is, therefore, a two-way causal relationship between the economy and sustainable democracy the state of the economy is the determinant of enduring democracy, but democracy is a key pre-requisite for sustainable economic transformation. The message is oroad-based economic prosperity sustains dem ocracy, whereas widespread poverty and ignorance undermine it. To mimic President Clinton of U. S. when he was running for office in 1992, it is the economy, full stop 14 No doubt. Nigeria is potentially Africas largest economy.Every year, the country produces over 200,000 graduates of tertiary institutions (including 65 universities), has the 6th largest gas reserves in the world, eighth largest oil maker (with abundant, but by and large untapped natural resources gold, limestone, among others), and with 60 pct of its arable land lying fallqw. In the words of Soludo (2005), Nigeria has also millions of its citizens in Diaspora (with estimated 100,000 Nigerian aesculapian doctors and scientists abroad). Unfortunately, was not lucky in the first 40 years of its independence with sustained good political governance.In his perceptive public lecture, Charles Soludo, Nigerias rally Bank Governor,16 noted encourage that democracy has not been endured in Nigeria simply because the eco nomic numbers did not add up whereas, democracy and indeed any form of government must deliver tangible economic benefits to the generality of the citizenry to be credible and sustainable. In a seminal article on What Makes Democracy Endure, Prezeworski found the confirmable evidence that Once a country has a democratic regime its level of economic development has a very strong effect on the probability that democracy will survive emocracy can be expected to last an average of about 8. 5 years in a country with per capita income under $2,000 33 years between $2,000-$4,000 and 100 years between $4,000-$6,000 Above $6,000 democracies are to live forever.No democratic system has fallen in a country where per capita income exceeds $6,033. 17 Be that as it may, most African states have few economic potentials of any significance (many literally nothing) that could attract foreign risk capital, which is why entrepreneurs did not flock into them in the past, irrespective of ideology or level of democracyAnd to commit on local capital to fuel development is to foredoom many to perpetual marginality. 18 Taking a cue from the alike(p) line of argument, Akintunde19, while rationalizing the reasons for the demise of democracy in the first republic, postulated that a democracy which is not founded upon a secure economic base is not likely to succeed because it lacks an ingrained condition of efficiency. It is unable to fulfill the expectations of its citizens in the common parlance, it cannot deliver goods.So significant is the economic base that many people have surmised that even communist countries, as they become wealthier, will come to resemble western democracy more and more20. Unfortunately, in Nigeria, as in most of the developing countries, due more often than not to the curt economic base, the middle class is a very small minority of the population. Western democracy is, therefore, not securely founded because it lacks one of the essential ingredients of success an influential middle class.This fact, which is sometimes a surprise to African leaders21, was well known to Aristotle more than two thousand years ago. According to Aristotle, when democracies have no middle class and the poor are greatly superior in number, trouble ensues and they are speedily ruined.The nexus between democracy and the efficacy of the economy reveals that those who are not rich usually confined to mere voting, political career thus become the privilege of those who are wealthy profuse to afford the leisure to devote to politics in most western countries, until the advent of Trade Union M.Ps. 23Thus, while blaming the politicians, it is worth repeating that, by embarking on western democracy on an inadequate economic base, the Fourth Republic was set on a death course, it was bound to be corrupt. 24 The same scenario is playing itself out in Nigeria presently. No doubt, it is a daunting task in the face of the aforementioned historical evidence to sust ain democracy in an economy like Nigeria, where per capita income has been below the $1,000 mark.That, according to Prezeworsk25, poses a serious threat. Considering the nexus between democracy and the economy vis-a-vis the expectation of an average African, Claude Ake (of blessed memory) averred that The banausic people of Africa are supporting democracy as a second independence. This time they compulsion independence not from the colonial masters, but from indigenous leaders. They want independence from leaders whose misrule has intensified their poverty and exploitation to the point of being life threatening.And they are convinced that they cannot now get material value without securing political empowerment and being better displace to bring public policy closer to social needs. Nonetheless democracy is being interpreted and supported in ways that defeat those aspirations and manifest no sensitivity to the social conditions of the ordinary people of Africa. Generally, the po litical elites who support democratization are those with no access to power and they invariably have no feeling for democratic values. They support democratization largely as a strategy of powerThe people can (only) contract between oppressors and by the appearance of choice legitimize what is really their disempowerment. 26 In line with the above postulations, Jerry Gana (a one-time Information Minister) admitted, too, that You know the mentality of our people.If democracy does not produce clean water, if democracy does not produce good roads, transform agriculture, cultivate industrial development, sanitise society, give us power supply, democracy will lose credibility and they may say, na democracy we go chop? 7 The caveat is that where democratic processes do not yield economic returns, a regression to dictatorship cannot be ruled out. This point is clearly stated by Larry Diamond thus Many new democracies in Latin America, easterly Europe, Asia and Africa will probably break down in the medium to long run unless they can reduce their often appalling levels of poverty, inequality, and social injustice, and through market orient reforms lay the basis for sustainable growth.When this is juxtaposed with the admittance by the Central Bank in its 2008 firs quarter report released to the public29, the economy is in perpetual crisis. The blossom Bank attributed the high rate of inflation in the country to the erratic power supply. According to the report, the inflation rate on a year to year basis was 7. 8 percent, compared to 6. 6 percent and 5. 2 percent recorded in the precedent quarter and the corresponding period of 2007. The report noted further that inflation rate on a 12-month roving average basis for the first quarter was 5. 8 percent compared with 5. percent recorded in the preceding quarter.Indeed, nothing can be more soothing to the nations debilitating power crisis, largely fingered for stunting the economy, rendering it comatose and occasioning a declining industrial sector, whose capacity utilization nosedived to a paltry 20 percent by the end of 2006. Epileptic power supply, a very prohibitive melodic phrase climate and in consistency in government policies, have commixd to smother the countrys industrial sector leading to the closure of multinationals, like Michelin, Panalpina, and other notable firms.The shrinking of the textile sector from 170 in the 60s, 70s, and 80s to 10 in the 90s, also evinces the acute nature of the problem. The recent disclosure by the House of Representatives Committee on Power, which probed the power sector that the country now generates less than a pitiable 1,000 megawatts, makes mockery of the countrys vision of decent one of the 20 largest and most resilient economies by 2020, compared to South Africa, a country of 42 million people, which generates over 42,000 megawatts.Much of Nigerias investment in the power sector has been enmeshed in corruption and enthralled in the lust of the po litical elite for primitive accumulation. 31 The concomitant effect of poor economy is lingering with the poverty problem. Nigerias poverty conundrum has assumed a frightening dimension. In the words of Dr. Magnus Kpakol, Senior Special Assistant to the President and National Coordinator of National poverty Eradication Program, in a public lecture entitled Poverty Solution The Role of Government in Poverty Eradication declared that The number of poor Nigerians could be, put at an estimated figure of 70 million n 1980, the figure was 28. 1 million. 1985, 46. 3 million 1992, 42. 7 million 1996, 65. 6 million and 1999,70. 0 million, 2004,54. 4 million. 32 He gave the statistical breakdown along the six regional levels to be North-East, 72. 2 percent South-East, 26. 7 percent South-South 31. 5 percent South-West 43. 1 percent North-Central 67. 0 percent and North-West, 71. 2 percent. 33 Undoubtedly, something must be wrong somewhere, for a critical official poverty statistics, which r evealed that over half of Nigerias 150 million population are poor, is unexplainable going by the abundant human and material resources in the country.The economy was so gloomy that 2007/2008 United Nations Development Programmes (UNDPs) Human Development Index (HDI) ratings placed Nigeria at 158th position out of 177 countries. 34 No doubt, democracy is endangered in Nigeria more than ever before. Poverty, want, and squalor are anti-democratic forces in the polity. The only exception is Indian democracy, which has long baffled theorists of democracy. Democratic theory holds that poverty, widespread illiteracy, and a deeply hierarchical social structure are inhospitable conditions for the functioning of democracy.But the historical novelty of Indian democracy was noted by Barrington Moore Economically (India) remains in the pre-industrial age But as a political specie, it does get to the modern world. At the time of Nehrus death in 1964, political democracy had existed for sevente en years. If imperfect, the democracy was no more sham Political democracy may seem strange both in an Asian setting and one without an industrial revolution. 36 To avert recapitulation, my earlier work glaringly with empirical data proved the pathetic downslide of Nigerias economy over the years with the attendant threat to democratic sustenance. 7 Bruce Baker too in his perceptive piece emphasized much the strength of the economy and sustainable democracy.As a corollary to the aforementioned weak economy, the state, in terms of being weak or strong, matters to the study of threats to democracy both from within and without, as well as one of the common modes of failure of democracy and democratization. 39 Perhaps, the greatest manifestation of a weak state vis-avis sustainable democracy is that it cannot successfully administer a certain and fair credible election which is the kernel of democracy.No doubt, one of the. rudimentary problems that post-colonial African states are fa cing is that of how to sustain and consolidate democracy through credible elections. 40 In the whole continent of Africa, few states could lay fill to having genuinely conducted free and fair elections as universally perceived. Hence, election administration that will attain governmental legitimacy after polls has always been a serious concern to electoral scholars. 41 The reason for this is not far-fetched. It is well known that most new states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America are too weak for the assignment.This is why state capacity is one of the major prerequisites for democratic nurturing, sustenance, and consolidation. In the extant literature on democratization and state capacity generally, louver elements are crucial to the strength of the state vis (a) monopoly of the coercive power of society, that is, control of instrument of coercion (b) the right to improve tax and collect revenue (c) the power of legal enactment, that is, power to make laws (d) sovereignty over ter ritory and society and (e) control of the institutions of the state or state apparatus, i. . bureaucracy. 42 These five elements taken unitedly constitutes the basis of state power and they endow the state with the status of statehood. However, it needs be emphasized that nation states which qualify for the status of statehood may differ in their degree of stateness some are strong states, and others are weak. No doubt, Nigeria falls into the category of weak or soft states.Like others in her category, Nigeria runs a system, one in which formal rules (laws, officially stated administrative rules and practices, etc. are applied copiously and in a lax manner rather than rigorously and consistently. It is one in which private advantage can be gained and private bargains struck concerning the enforcement or non-enforcement of the rules as when a businessman bribes a tax official. in any event money, another inducement is kinship sentiment while another is the favour of superiors. The c onsequential effect is that in several cases, individuals may be too tidy than the state in which the rule of law is abused with imp whiz.Cases of such were too numerous to be mentioned during the last Nigerias general elections in April 2007. 43 In a nutshell, the stronger the state in all ramifications, the better for deepening of democratic values in Nigeria. This can be achieved via the entrenchment of state institutions cum harmonious political behaviour by the political elite. Perhaps the most crucial of all imperatives for the consolidation of Nigerias nascent democracy is the restructuring of the lopsided and structurally mental unsoundness federal arrangement.As rightly noted by Emeka Anyaoku, former Secretary General of the Commonwealth At the heart of the several conflicts plaguing the Nigerian state nowadays is the consequence of the failure of the practice of true federalism. The power shift debate that characterized the politics of transition from military to civil rule and which has persisted several months after, rose largely out of the frustration of large segments of the population with the structure of the political system that has shut significant sections out of the corridors of power for most of the post-independence period. 4 With Nigeria being one of the most complex societies in Africa, federalism was adopted to integrate the plural and divided societies.This is in line with the perception of early generation of students of inter-group relations or plural societies, which considered federalism an effective way of achieving and preserving both integration and stability in deeply divided societies. Whenever events seemed to demand that a compromise is affected between the necessity for unity and cooperation on a wide territorial basis, the temptation is to proffer catch all management formula, such as federalism .. 45 This tendency to see federalism as a magic wand that can channel irreconcilable inter-ethnic hostility into conciliati on and federal cooperation was subscribed to by Carnell, thus in tropical area characterized by extreme cultural and ethnic diversity federalism comes as something of a political panacea. 4 In a nutshell, federalism is considered the most appropriate framework for presidential term multi-ethnic societies.However, recent events in Nigeria clearly demonstrate that the polity is far from being a federation, or alternatively as has been suggested, that Nigeria is not a true or real federation. 47 Since 1954, when the foundation of classical federation for Nigeria was laid,48 the system is still far from being problem-free. The story is that of both political and governmental mental unsoundness. 49 Worst still, Nigerias ethnic make-up remains what Furnival calls in the strictest sense a medley (of people) for they mix but do not combine.

How many of you love cats and would like one?

I hope this speech will help you become sane and earn the craftiness in a feline. But for those who already own wizard I am sorry but all hope has been lost.I am here to tittle-tattle to you about a club that I am truly committed to. It is called CHOW. I doubt many of you have ever heard of it but it stands for Cat. Haters. Of. The. World.Cats be the most selfish, evil eyed, greedy, filthy things in the world.What do you think cats be sitting around lazing around for? They are coming up with ideas on how to lavatory the owner and steal food if not how to kill Barack Obama and become the first evil eyed monster to become the president and who would be the first lady.They are cunning creatures who think they own the world. Well let me tell you now they dont. Have you ever endured the aggravation that is given by a cat when it imitates what you do? Well I have done so many times seeing as there are about sixteen cats in the horrendous household next door no wait the parasites hav e also invaded my door gait and under my dads car, my garage and my roof.I mean these killers have left their crisp kill under our porch doormat to stop it being taken away by my old neighbour. The squeaking and the squishy, mushy feeling that is created on every step taken by myself isnt pleasant seeing as two weeks later my sister had revealed the horrors of the dark side that lay beneath our door mat. It will never be normal again. Having seen all that sticky oozy blood I can never step foot on that step ever again.certainly an old man of about ninety years old should be caring for his own health than his devil cats. Has he not discovered the unfeigned truth behind these supposedly cute babies. Approximately seventy percent of the Earth sees the reality behind the black fur and the huge eye sockets with dingy eyes.Some may say I have missed the item that they do not harm, yet have you realised that they are in fact associated with witches. In fact there is a black cat who tri es to pounce at me every time I try to throw a infrastructure at it. As you may or not know I throw like a chicken so I dont really understand what the cat tries to do but I can tell you that it is not normal. Dont worry I have checked to make sure that no one is watching.It does not help that I am allergic to them but their really big eyes scare me. Once upon a time in a house in a town called Wembley, I watching TV and eating chips when an overweight obscure tomcat came and sat on the same ruby coloured sofa as me. I had not realised until my sister had went into the dining room screaming.

Blood Brothers Essay

Blood Brothers is the bosh of two fits from a poor family in Liverpool. bingle of them is given away and they atomic number 18 forced to live apart, exactly somehow fate always brings them screen together. The turn is built upon the theme of the superstition that if twins are separated at birth past they get out die on the day that they discover that they are twins. This theme is reinforced through come forward the play by the words of the narrator to keep the interview view about what will happen.The first period we see the theme of superstition is when the narrator first begins to speak and he says So did you hear the story of the Johnst angiotensin-converting enzyme twins? . How one was kept and one Given away.. Never knowing that they shared one name till the day they died Willy Russell thought that the working class people were more superstitious in contrast with the middle and upper classes. I think this is because they were usually more religious than the upper cla sses.An archetype of there superstition is when Mrs Lyons places a pair of new space on the add-in and Mrs Johnstone says New shoes on the table take them off. Never put new shoes on the table.. You never know whatll happen. During the play Willy Russell explores class difference in great detail, chargeing how it can buoy square your chances further on in life. He overly explores this theme in his other plays such as Our day out. In Blood Brothers he does this by contrasting the backgrounds that the two boys are brought up in. paddy field, the twin who was kept, was brought up in a working class background with little money and verbalize with a broad scouse accent and used slang terms. Whereas Edward was brought up in a family who had a car, a nice house and plenty of money. This meant that he would be able to get a ripe grooming and had many opportunities available to him in life. Throughout the play both women attempt to keep the twin apart, but somehow they always end up back together and ironically they make a pact to become Blood Brothers.rice paddy and Edward are always trying to be bid each other rice paddy wants to suffer a nice house, lots of money and a good education where as Edward wants to be able to do what he wants and not be spoilt like he is now. The playwrights use of dramatic playtic irony embodiments up drama and strain as the audience know that paddy field and Edward are really brothers and not just Blood Brothers. This makes the audience chance like they are part of the secret and helps them create a bond with the characters. This keeps the audience interested because they want to bewilder out what is going to happen to them.The difference in class became more apparent during Edward and rice paddys adulthood, when Eddie goes to university while paddy field is has to struggle to provide a living for his family. The playwright was quick to emphasise the mellow unemployment rate at the time the play was set and concerns that people faced. Because he was brought up by a single working class parent and had always struggled for money, Mickey lacked a father figure and this whitethorn have influenced his decision to help his brother, Sammy, during the robbery.Mickeys role in the robbery triggers a vast change in his behaviour and also during his time I prison he becomes depressed and gets inclined to the anti-depressants he is prescribed, because of this Mickeys wife, Linda, talks to Eddie and asks him for advice, and Mrs Lyons tells Mickey of this relationship because she wants them to argue and fall out so that they never find out that they are brothers. I think that at this point the audience would read with Mickey because he has always had a bad life and know he has been told that his wife is sightedness Edward.This event spurs Mickey on to seek revenge against Edward because he fells betrayed by him and Linda. An example if this is when Mrs Johnstone says to Linda- Mickey Mickeys got a gun Li nda then realise where Mickey is going and she says- Mickey? Eddie? The Town dormitory room One of the techniques that Russell uses to create drama in the play is by adding a narrator who intervenes several generation during the events of the play. The role of the narrator is to emphasise the superstition of the twins and to keep the audience interested.An example of this is when the narrator sings Yes, the progress to hes still got your number he wants to speak to you seen him leanin on your door. This builds up the drama because of Mickeys seismal nature it will prepare the audience for events to come at the end of the play. other example of this is when the narrator sings the claim madman. As he repeats the lyrics over and over the suspense would build and also the theme of superstition is also repeated and reinforced. Also by using pulsating music the drama and tension is heightened.Theres a man gone mad in the town tonight, Hes gonna shoot somebody down.. Devils got your number.. hes callin you up today This would re disposition the audience that there is a price to pay for separating twins it will also reinforce the superstition of twins. I also think that it tells the audience that something important is going to happen. The final expectation in the play is set in a truly public place, the town hall, and there are councillors and other people there as comfortably as Edward.This shows that Mickeys mind is unstable and that he doesnt care about the consequences of his actions because he fighting a private battle in public. This would also be used to heighten the drama in the final moments of the play. When Mickey enters onto the stage he has a gun held two handed because his hands are shaking so much. Then somebody stood next to Edward realise the reality of the situation and screams. This would add drama and tension to the scene and it would also show the audience that Mickey is a very real threat.For this final scene the use of stage direction s is very important. Willy Russell has added pauses in areas of high tension so that the audience would be eager for the rest of the scene and the tension would grow, he also added pauses, along side the language and actions used by the characters in the play. By adding ellipsis into Mickeys speech it would show the audience that he cant even check into what he is saying. He also uses the theme of guns throughout the play and I think this may have been a hint as to how the play ends.Mickeys past encounters with guns and violence may be the reason he went so far over the edge that he threatened to shoot Edward. When Mickey and Edward were children they used to play shooting games, but know this is no longer a game. When Mickey tells Edward that he has stopped taking the pills I think that it is significant because it would tell Edward and the audience that Mickey is not thinking straight and that he is not in secure of his action. It also shows that the only way Mickey can react i s with violence.The use of dramatic irony throughout the play is one of the main themes but it is in all likelihood this scene where it is most important. The fact the audience know that Mickey and Edward are brothers is ironic because they dont know themselves. It is also ironic that Mickey thought they were Blood Brothers and has do the connection that they are both the sons of Mrs Johnstone. When Mickey says- Friends I could kill you We were friends werent we? Blood Brothers, wasnt it? Remember? It would tell Edward and the audience that Mickeys idea of a friend is built around a childish pact.The language Mickey uses is very basic and he talks in short sharp sentences. When Mrs Johnstone makes a dramatic entrance on to the stage she rushes to Mickey and Edward, who are stood just yards apart, and she tells them the truth about who they are, this is followed by the shooting of Mickey and Edward. The fact that Mickey and Edward are just yards apart would create drama because M ickey is out of control and has a gun and Edward is defenceless. When Mrs Johnstone had told her sons that they were brothers Mickey realises what sort of life he could have had and who he could have been.This made him feel uncontrollable rage towards his mother and this would have made the audience think that he may shoot Mrs Johnstone. By telling her two sons they were brothers Mrs Johnstone has caused both her sons deaths when she actually thought she was helping the situation. The final song and music would create a deep sadness in the audience and make them feel down in the mouth for Linda and Mrs Johnstones loss. They would also be sad for Mickey who hasnt had a very good life, they would feel sad for Edward because he hasnt done anything to harm anyone and yet he gets shot.This would confirm in the audiences mind the superstition that if twins are separated they will die on the day they find out the truth. I think that will was successful in creating drama and suspense throu ghout the play but I think he could have increased the tension at the end of the play by introducing Mickey and Edwards real father into the scene and perhaps Linda getting killed by Mickey as well as Edward. By adding another character it may make the audience think that Mickey will become even more confused and this may lead to the death of other characters.

Rene Descartes six meditations Distinction of Self from the Body Essay

Rene Descartes was a French Mathematician and a modern Philosopher who highly-developed an original philosophy found on sciences aimed at being stable and likely to last. His method was based upon premises of senses, reason, doubt and persuasion. Like some philosophers his quest was for Truth and experience. However the nature of Truth and knowledge remains debatable among philosophers to this day. It is worth noning that a contemporary modern philosopher said at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the beginning of Information Age , Study of philosophy is now reduced to the study of language.We are evident from our bodies Since the advent of military personnel civilization many men bring in preoccupied themselves with philosophic sentiments of the unambiguousion of ego-importance from the proboscis. These meta corporal imaginations , sometimes ontological, lie on the borderline of religious theology and philosophy. With discoveries in the field of physical sc iences like Einsteins Relativity the human c erstption of space, matter, time and forces has become clearer. This has further fuelled refer in the field of philosophic investigation of the relationships between mind, matter and the supernatural.This activity is a commonplace past time of the educated and curious. The scientific and methodological study of any branch of knowledge involves the formulation of Thesis, possibleness and Anti Thesis. Every Thesis has an AntiThesis. Is the self-importance distinct from the body ? The senses are deceptive What we find is spurious. Our memory deceives us. Hence a Truth that earth-closet be established is that nothing is certain. Hence it lavatory be assumed for the time being that our senses and bodies are not true. We are probably distinct from our bodies. intellect is questionable Man is cognize as a rational animal.But the idea of tenableness and the note between a man and an animal are debatable. Man certainly has to face an manifest identity crisis if material knowledge is to be trusted. The idea of a soul distinguishes self from the body each phenomena cant be explained by sense-perception, thinking and physical bodies. They capture to be attributed to a super-natural phenomena , the soul. If the self is to be distinct from the body it could be in the form of the soul. The power of self-movement, sensation and thought as according to the judgment of Rene Descartes are foreign to the nature of body.These conclusions are based on Descartes philosophical experiments with himself using the faculty of his mind. He uses his mind to probe the co-relation between subjectivity, objectivity and their distinctness from body. This method has been Descartes most powerful tool and which makes him unique in the family of modern philosophers. The awakening during sleep is an experiment. Descartes argues that when asleep he has comprehend through senses many things he cant perceive through senses while awa ke. These are in one case again Descartes experiments with himself. Descartes is careful nough to recollect his thoughts and experiences for the object of philosophical study.Thinking is disassemble from being. Descartes uses his imagination to conclude that he might equal separate from his body as a source of thinking. In his legendary famous statement he once declared , I think therefore I am. Human mind and judgment are prone to error . Hence the truth has to be outside from the Human mind and body. Descartes reached a conclusion that there does exist a God. God is perfect in his judgment because his mind is infinite. This is obviously not true with human beings. Hence their judgment is subject to errors and faults. in that location is as well as a philosophical method of reaching the Truth by elimination of errors. Considering the belief that their does exist a Universal Truth away from the limitations of the human body it is reasonable concluding that we are distinct from our bodies. The existence of God is an irrefutable evidence Thesis that there does exist a God strengthens the theory of distinction of self from the body. It would be contradictory associating God to a body God, Descartes assumed is infinite.Also, the idea of feel after death in the form of soul which is the belief of literally every religious heology strengthens the belief that we are distinct from our body. Rene Descartes experimented with the mind Descartes claims in The Fourth Meditation that he has trained his mind to separate from his senses and dwell only in the intellect. The result were observations and conclusions that he was totally separate from matter. Descartes uses his ability at philosophical meditations, the popular method of study and research by a philosopher. The Human Will Descartes concludes extends beyond the bodies. With the human will, many philosophers believe it is possible to meditate and separate the consciousness rom the body. Modern Science refut es distinction of body from mind thesis. Descartes himself was once a scientist before he took to philosophical pursuits.A scientist, for example a Doctor would immediately rubbish the claims of the separation of self from the body citing encyclopedias of scientific evidence. Carl Jungs Experiment nulls the idea of a soul. This famous Psychologist conducted an experiment and concluded that there is no soul The distinction between self and body is not recognized by modern psychology books. Philosophical methods might be fallacious. Philosophers go for methods based n speculations and subjectivity. These might be inaccurate and also subject to a difference of vox populi even amongst philosophers. Whereas science is based on empirical experiments which no one can challenge once accepted and established. There is a self concept in the science of Psychology. The self concept has an aviation of mysticism associated with it. No one can see, feel or touch the self concept. It is reduce d to I and me from the common sense point of view by nearly all domains of knowledge.Popularly the psychologists associate the self concept , the I Self, with the ndividual and his states of mind Conscious, subconscious and the unconscious. Body- Ego concept can be an evidence of self and body singularity. The genesis of mental structure advocated by Hartmann, Kris and Loewenstein advocate an ego state known as the Body Ego. They suggest with impressive arguments that the ego and the id should be conceived the result of an undifferentiated state.Conclusion The be self concept generates a tension. The stream of consciousness can be believed to be located indoors the boundaries of a creature. The self ( its memories, eliefs and traits ) might not located within the boundaries of the creature.Our intuition equates ourselves with our consciousness. A point to be noted is that there is a dualism not only between mind and body but also between consciousness and mind The ancient sc holarly philosophical debate Self is distinct from the body is a challenging interdisciplinary study. However, the philosophy student is best equipped to handle it. The debate seems to have no end. That is what makes a debate an interesting academic field of study. Philosophers and philosophy students have to be unadventurous that in their xuberance they do not unwittingly clash with scientific evidence or infringe with care for religious and theological beliefs.The society punished Galileo because he was ahead in time than the people. The times have changed remarkably. These days society is more tolerant to new ideas. Even blasphemy against Jesus doesnt spite the West anymore. Recent headlines of a popular newspaper says that the church has forgiven Beatles for claiming they were more popular than Jesus. Philosophers and philosophy students can play a timely role in all ages. The clear message is that they need not ostracize themselves from the society.

Compare & Contrast “Mid Term break” by Seamus Heaney & “Treasure in the Heart” by Joolz Essay

Recently I have been quartervas two the likes ofwise themed songs both concentrated upon the chilling authoritativeity of closing. In the following es reckon I will to snap & comp are the similarities & contrasts between Mid term produce Written by Seamus Heaney & Trea authorized in the warmheartedness written by Joolz.I will attempt to delve & explore the subconscious meanings tardily the social organisation and wording of these poetrys.I will attempt to give a brief overview of relevant background tuition concerning Heaney & Joolz which had a substantial effect on the rimes written by both poets.Seamus Heaney was born in April 19 thirty society, the foremost of a closely knit family what would blushtually turn out to be nine siblings. This ment Seamus felt up a lot of responsibility to his family from a young age. This is surely a contri preciselying comp unrivallednt fork to why he wrote this metrical composition as he would have surely blamed himself in off end for his familiars decease.This is rattling similar to one of the reason why Joolz would have written her poem both were genuinely close to these people and felt a lot of anguish at at that posterior passing. two would have wanted to be able to pay in that respect respects in a much than than memorable & effective course for themselves.Seamus family was a mixture of old Ireland his father cosmos a second generation cattle. only his bring forth was a descendant of the new Ireland a family with galore(postnominal) Irish industrial ties. This surely gave Seamus a unique and very diverse view when it came to his surroundings.When Seamus was only twelve eld old he was awarded a scholarship to St.Columb College. This gave him a real luck to do what he could with his life. evidently family was a very important subject in Heaneys life & I am sure that is why he found it so important to pen a poem about this plaint.From studying the title of his poem Mid term Brea k you would expect a happy poem with kidren vie having fun. You would non expect the opposite and that is exactly what this poem actually represents. The poem is about death and the range of misery & destruction that affects the concerned people.Another way you could look at the title of the poem is that he wanted to make his last holding of his brother a fond one.As he was to a fault older when he wrote this last(a) reflection it would have ment it would be a more mature & contemplative title, this however would surely of been unalike had he wrote it at the date of the death the title would have plausibly been more an godforsaken outburst of sadness & hatred upon his part.The word untamed in the title could beginning of all represent a break in the routine of every(prenominal)ones life, as if once the revolting chance happened everything halted to a stop as people took cadence to bewail. This word break could also symbolise a while of great time of sadness & grie f yet like bells knelling.The start of the poem starts slowly rather ambiguously like a sick joke slowly revealing the lagger line. He begins the poem with slow & cagey vocabulary it signifies a young boys nervous, clammy state of mind. You can identify with how he would tactual sensation when he saysI sat all morningFrom this you can olfaction the tension in the air like a tightly pulled string about to snap.When you count on of having to clutches some-where for a long time alone it conjures up memories of boring and sad times. This really sets the theme and character for the rest of the poem just in this one line a very effective way to begin. He leaves it very mysterious at the start but you k like a shot what the planetary flavour of the poem is going to be from this one taste.The unhurt poem is set in first psyche. This gives it a more immediate impact as if you are living the occasion right now. This is more of an effective way of life when trying to show the reader the circumstances of the writers anguish. Rather than being set in third individual it is more in your present and this gives you the sense of almost viewing the integral shooter as a bi-stander.The using up of wording in the second line is a very significant & begins to give you an shimmering of what has happened when he saysBells knellingThe way knelling is slotted into the poem is a go forful indicator of what has happened, as seen by the actual rendering of knelling which is (verb) 1. To ring a bell slowly & life-threateningly, especially for a funeral.So as shown by the very descriptive use of wording used at this stage the bells were a very significant part his memory of this saddest of times.The bells would have also have been very significant to him at the time as I am sure time was going so slowly for him. He would have felt sick, provoke but the bells would re-assure him of the fact that time was settle down going & that no matter how unsuitable he felt life goes on.thence he moves on to an even more awkward smudge you can feel the cold sadness in the air of this journey, the tears streaming ware his face when he moves onto ii Oclock our neighbours drove me homeThe inclusion of time is very significant, as it shows how slow time really would have been going for Heaney right then. The way he describes the drive home in general give you a chill down your spine later all he says isThe neighboursHe makes the whole experience feel very in-personal & foreign as if he was being taken home by some comp allowe stranger like a police officer after doing something horrific.The whole of the first verse runs on as is then the theme for the rest of the poem. You would tend to believe this is down to the face that when he wrote this poem it was along time after and the memory had all become one higgledy-piggledy up mess. So this would lead you to recall these certain scenes are imprinted into him like a scar profoundly running into his darkest p arts. As if the memory will be with him for life so he has to rile it down on to paper to lighten some of the weight of his pain.Then he moves onto a scene that was at the time almost as scaring to his conscious being as his brothers death wasI met my father glaringThis would have been a very shocking & and uncomfortable situation for Seamus at the time. Surely this one scene would have driven home to him how he must stay strong for his family as they needed him to.The use of such(prenominal) a miserable revelation as a parent crying over there lost son also shows the reader the effect it had on everyone & how much of a horrific and un-natural situation it is and that no one should have to suffer.But then just to finish you off he drops in this one really tiny piece of info that really gets to youHe had always taken funerals in his strideJust as if you didnt feel for him and his family how dangerous this was. When a grown man cries it really shows you how terrifying a fact it is that this one simple act of carelessness can rip a grown man to shreds.Moving on next you get one character that you will usually find at funerals trying to consol everyone with cheap words. But all everyone really longs for are those precious ties to be relived with the little boy who they all whapd but was taken past from them in one break.You then get the sharp but beauteous contrast of something so special it really gives you that glimmer of hope. When you are reminded in your glum, unforgiving state that life is pipe down growing & that there are still more happy memories to be lived. But also it would feel ignorant & rude to laugh at a funeral, but it feels right when a baby laughs. This gives you a reminder of the innocence of the young and how life will poison this if you do not die young. Next you move onto a completely assorted sceneOld men standing upThis shows the respect they have for this boy as if for right away he was a man & with that comes the pain of life. Heaney uses this situation to his advantage however. Every man has suffered this some time he does not know what is going on or how these men are here or who they are. But there is one thing he does know he should be nervous & chagrined after all they are here paying respects for this brother and he doesnt even know who they are.But even under all this you feel the character of a boy now a man shine though. You can feel the bitterness conveyed when he saysTell me they were sorry for my vexationHe understands even then when he was just a young boy the hypocritical vibration he feels from them. I mean how can they even know his brother he was only cardinal he had barely even seen the world so what makes these men so special?You then get the other end of the spectrum another stage in the routine of mourning. Anger of course shes barbarian who wouldnt be if there son was tragically knocked over in some freak accident? But you know you never get the real impact of death concerning a little child until you realise how bad the mother is feeling. That is what really makes this part so personal and grippingCoughed out angry tearless sighsIt hits you the reader how bad she must be feeling. So sad & angry she cant even face releasing her eyes to gush out the tears she so richly deserves to let go. No instead she locks away herself to the world & just grips to her son like a young girl clutching her comforting teddy.But no he still wont release himself to mourn he must stay strong for the family.Even hours after the death the true tole of what has happened still doesnt truly hit then young man still counting the time like the clock of death ticking away A prominent theme though out the poem of course from that solemn tolling bell. But still it hasnt hit him as now his brother has gone not even a person justThe corpse, stanched & bandagedThe memories are as if they have no left the frame all that is left is the empty meaningless shell. Even though is written in firs t person the description is so in-personal its almost cruel.But then the final nine lines are like one big jumbled description more like a final saying goodbye. He describes such a simple but beautiful just as he would want his brother to have the best. Not an empty corpse this time this is as if his brother is only sleeping for a long time. The scene is the most beautiful & ironically happiest part of them poem.Snowdrops & candles soothed the bedsideThis gives the impression of it being a very tranquil & comfortable scene where finally he can mourn & try to come to term with his brothers death. The use of snowdrops describes a very beautiful & pure room as if angels are watching over his brother from above. As he would want now his brother is with them.He the goes on to use an intriguing word to describe the ache on his templeWearing a poppy bruiseIts almost as if it is not a bruise on his head but a sign of remembrance not just for him but it also signifies the wasteful way so some(prenominal) young men & women lose their lives. It not a bruise on his head really its an emblem an icon never to be forgotten neither shall is brother be forgotten as he continues to remain youngA quadruplet foot box a foot for every yearReally that is when it hits you the use of this simile is just enough to make you think what really is the take down when people are dieing so young.I think in the reality the last line is there to create a memorable finish that will stick in your mind forever.In final analysis of the poem I find the poem to start off slow with a variety show of dull boring way for effect. But then in the second stanza the poem reads by means of very quickly this continues until the sixth stanza, I believe this is to display how much a blur the whole memory is. Until he comes to the most significant last two stanzasSnowdrops & candles soothed the bedsideThis is a beautiful & calm analogy remote the previous few stanzas it is a more calm & thoughtful descr iption. Throughout the last two stanzas he uses a lot more punctuation like commas and full-stops for example. This is because it was probably the most memorable part of the whole experience after all its the last time he saw his baby brother.I find this poem to be a very beautiful & realistic poem. He uses good effects such as descriptive words & an ever changing pace to keep the reader pasted and keeps them thinking. He uses some very good similes such asHe lay in his four foot box as in his cotThis sad but beautiful simile is a great way to finish off any poem and in all I think it is a great poem.Also the most interesting aspect of the middle stanzas he takes you though different people & there contrasting ways of dealing with bereavementNow moving onto Joolz and the information behind her life and why she would put what she has in her poem.Joolz born in Colchester in 1955 actually once tell herselfI was a difficult childBrought up in Cosham near Portsmouth she would often spe nd lot of time with her gran as her mother worked for the electricity board & her father would spend long periods away with the army. This is probably the main reason behind why she was angry at the death of her grand mother and the setting of her funeral.Joolz was a troubled youth, she hated school everything except art. She could make herself ill on demand, a weapon she surely used more than once. She moved to Harrogate, Yorkshire in her childhood where she would be based for many long time. As an adolescent she was difficult to look after and was put on tranquilisers.When she was only sixteen years old talented at poetry she went along to a folk club at the time she was the only girl.When only 19 she married a maintenance fitter & motorbike kid. After that for a while she stopped writing poetry but after five years they split up and she moved to Bradford. This show how will full she was and independent she must have truly believed in being herself & obviously it must have been very hard for her at her Nans funeral evidently.From the title of Joolz poemTreasure in the HeartYou can tell this is going to be a very lovely & beautiful portrayal of some ones life. Obviously to reflect on a true treasure in Joolz heart. The use of these words is a very poetic way to start. The title of Joolz poem is more to the degree & gives you an idea of what the poem is going to be about. Unlike Heaneys title which is rather misleading & elusive.Both ways are effective but in different aspects, Heaneys for shocking you after such a normal & uninspiring title. But then there is Joolz title which is just so beautiful & really gives you the sense of cult from the start.This really sets the tone for the whole poem & you know from then on there is going to be a lot of regret & passion blazed on these stanzas.Her passion is displayed by the strong words she uses like shouted the wording shows how much she cared.Just like in Heaneys poem Joolz sets hers in first person. This as I said is significant as it gets the reader more immersed & just like Heaneys poem it means the emotions from the poem can shine through.All through the first three lines she begins them with I should. This shows how angry she was at herself and evidently she wish she could make it up to her Nan. But even more important she wishes she could go back & change everything.But crucially I think she is writing this poem as some sort of minor reprisal for the way she let her Nan down, but also for her to vent her anger the only constructive way she knows how.Also she wants to immerse the reader and by opening with this repetitive start it intrigues the reader and compels them to read on.But shes not just angry at herself just like she has lived her life she is angry at the systemIn that sickly, stupid, hideous placeThis really shows the root of her furious tone. She knows that the chapel was never good enough not for her Nan not for no ones.She knows that zip but the best would be good en ough & you know from the way she reacts she just wanted it to be perfect.What she did not want it to be was fake, un-respectful & thoughtless but thats all it really wasFull of fake fabric flowers taped organ musicThis she knows should have been a happier occasion after all her nana had a long lifeshe was lucky when you think of Heaneys brother & the way he was taken she would have known her nana was lucky too.But why such a fake terrible service to remember her after all was her Nan not good enough for some real beautiful flowers at some gorgeous antique church?Even then more insults seemed to frivol away from every where for instance all ten people who turned up, after all those years her Nan had lived did she not deserve for a at least a few more people to pay there respects?A far cry from the hundreds of people who were there for Heaney and his family after his brothers death, what a difference a few people make.But then the biggest insult of them all, this really seemed to af fect Joolz to breaking point but at the same time drew the writer inthis fat, frowzled fair sex rolls out sonorouslyimbecile clichsEven then she knows no matter how bad the sacrament was still a great personher terrible strength & sword sharp candorThis is why Joolz loves her Nan & why someone would not have loved her would have probably nonplus her. But how even her Nan had fallen from that once great person who she will always love and cherish but now she is justShell thin and faded silveryThis must really hurt Joolz to see her Nan the most motherly figure she probably had, turned into nothing more than skin & bones. Overall her Nan was ten times better than that fat untidy Christian woman could ever be and that is what she hates most.She hates how she was at her funeral this is evident all the way from lines twenty five- thirtySnotty horn instill a childThis is very important as it shows through all the anger & her thoughts that she was still only a child & must understand h ow is was not really her fault. In fact Heaney was at a very similar age he neither knew what to do but they dealt with it the same at the end of the day but in there own little ways.I understand totally after all when you are only a teenager you are fully aware of death but it still remains some one elses problem till it hits you.But even then she knew very well that her nana deserved more time than she gotNine minutes that stupid ceremony tookTime is important to her after all the years her nana spent looking after her all the opportunity she has to pay her respects is nine pitiful minutes. Of course this is going to make her angry everyone deserves the chance to mourn for longer than nine minutes no matter who you areListen to meThe line she has probably rehearsed in her head a thousand times but she lets it pass. She would have been fierce like her nana would have wanted. This is the passion she really wants to show on that fateful day, or just to say how disgusted she really wa s. Then she could have rallied her ceremony to make it that little bit more perfectShe deserved more than thisin the endShe would have said everything she needed to say then and she would never have needed to write this poem. But then you would never of had this ending of such sad proportionsBut I said nothingim really sorryThese are really important words as then finally say what she has all along been longing to bellow.The whole poem is set out more like one whole paragraph for the majority. More of speech than a poem, in truth the lines are simple divide into groups ranting about different topics. The poem flows well all of it relating into the next part as it is very well though out.I personally find the poem to be good but it is a more personal topic. I find it harder to relate to this poem rather than Heaneys however the use of description & the whole poem is very impressive.Finally I found Heaneys poem to be the better & most effective. The fact that the poem was about a yea r olds death compels me more than Joolz topic.