Alcohol Drug Abuse A Psychobiological Trait In Human...

Introduction Anthropology can be defined as the science of physical, social, material, and cultural development of man, including his origin, evolution, distribution, customs, beliefs, and folkways. Anthropologists are concerned with the ways in which human groups and communities cope with the immense changes in their physical and sociopolitical environments in recent decades. Today, many anthropologists feel the need to solve contemporary problems in society, not just study human existence. Specifically, the contemporary problem of drug and alcohol abuse is an issue of great importance worth examining for anthropologists as well as sociologists and other professionals who study factors that influence human behavior. For thousands†¦show more content†¦Hall Co., p. 83, 84). In addition, the use of alcohol in any particular group should be considered as part of its total range of consumption of drugs which may produce altered states of consciousness and which are permitted or prescribed under certain culturally defined circumstances. For example, since preSHY;Hispanic times, indigenous peoples in the high altitudes of the Andes mountains in South America have made use of the coca leaf to avoid cold and fatigue in the extreme conditions under which they work. However, in recent decades the international demand for refined cocaine has created a new system of coca production, refinement and transportation, operating illegally, but constitutes a major political and economic force in the Andean nations. Indeed, this juxtaposition of traditional and modern systems using stimulants with the same base substance brings home forcefully the need for careful examination of drugs in their social and cultural context (The Dictionary of Anthropology, 1986, p. 84). In the same manner, in Western industrial society, a notable changing pattern of drug use associated with modern society compared to its traditional counterpart is the consistent tendency for the desacralization of drugs, as those substances whose original use and purpose was religious orShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesUnderstanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction

The War Between Spain And England - 1723 Words

Since the first humans picked up rocks and killed each other, war has grown and changed, going from a way to solve small disputes to a massive enterprise involving all of a country’s resources. One example of such a war would have to be the one between Spain and England in the 1500’s. What started as a mere religious conflict soon became much more, with the full naval might of the two countries facing off. It culminated in a huge battle between the massive Spanish Armada and the much smaller English fleet. With superior strategy, ships, and confidence, the English managed to not only fend off the Spanish but handily defeat them, preventing what could have been a huge invasion and disaster. Queen Elizabeth herself came to rally the troops, giving them the confidence to triumph over the Spanish (Kallen, 2013). It is apparent that this battle was a major battle and turning point in history. If the Spanish had won, history would be completely different. It is for this reaso n that is can be considered a major turning point in history. The battle between the Spanish Armada and the Royal Navy in 1588 was the culmination of half a century’s worth of feud between the two countries (Kallen, 2013). Like many other conflicts, it was rooted in geography. England, being located on an island, was therefore reliant on overseas trade. Spain controlled nearly all of the trade out of Europe, so therefore it was necessary to be allied with them if a country wished to trade. Unfortunately forShow MoreRelatedThe Colonization Of The New World1068 Words   |  5 Pagesby the Pope. This treaty split the New World between Portugal and Spain. By the mid 1500s, Spain had gained control of much of western South America, Central America, and Southern North America. Portugal claimed lands in modern day Canada and Brazil. It wasn’t long before other European nations began to dispute the Treaty of Tordesillas. England and France both tried to found colonies during the 1500s but failed pitifully. In the 1600s, France, England, and the Dutch Republic were finally able toRead MoreEssay King Phillip II of Spain: The Battle of Lepanto in 1571616 Words   |  3 Pageslasted 40 days. This battle ended the threat of Ottoman control of Spain and Europe and in 1585. The Ottoman Empire signed a peace treaty and ended the war. Marriage Phillip’s father, Charles V, arranged Phillip’s marriage to Queen Mary I of England. In order to get Phillip to Mary’s level Charles made Phillip the king of Naples and of Jerusalem. They were married on July 25th, 1554 at Winchester Cathedral in Winchester, Hampshire, England. With their marriage Phillip obtained all of Mary’s titles andRead MoreThe Machiavellian Struggle in Spain and England during the Reformation881 Words   |  3 Pagesa time of heavy politics, political wars, and religious attacks and conflicts. This was a period of growth for some countries, such as England, and a time of decline for other countries like Spain. These two particular countries, England and Spain, had two very powerful rulers who helped determine the fate of their nations. Phillip II of Spain was born into a very powerful family of extremely Machiavellian heritage. He had control of the Netherlands, Spain, parts of the North and South AmericasRead MoreWilliam Drake s The Kingdom Of Danger1214 Words   |  5 PagesIn the dispute between England and Catholic Spain they blamed each other for whose fault it was. Through my research I have read both sides of the story and have come to whose fault it really was. In the two sonnets, written by Shakespeare, he talks about what love means to him and uses personification and imagery to get across to the reader. Both sonnets share similar themes of love. In the â€Å"The Kingdom in Danger† and Shakespeare’s poems I will explicate all view points of the literary elementsRead Moreâ€Å"Compare and Contrast the Early Colonial Empires of Portugal, Spain, and England in Terms of Motives, Economic Foundations and Relations with Africans and Indians. What Factors Contributed to the Similarities and/or Differences?1081 Words   |  5 PagesREWRITE The three colonial empires of Portugal, Spain, and England were the most dominate in the fight for land in the Americas. While the motivations for these three colonial empires were similar and all of the Native Americans and/or Africans saw the Spanish Portuguese and English as one brutally similar people, economic differences between the three of them would ensure that their colonies would develop in dramatically unique ways. Portugal was one of the, if not the only, technologicalRead MoreEssay about Spanish Armada1365 Words   |  6 Pageseach religion as much as they could. The Anglo-Spanish War between England and Spain during 1585-1604 is a great example of this, although it was never official declared a war. One thing that made this war quite note worthy was the Spanish Armada, a fleet of 130-armed ship versus the well-trained navy of England. It is possible the world most famous naval battle and showed the true strength of England. This is a look into the causes, the war itself and the after affects on both countries. The ProtestantRead MoreElizabethan Pirates Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagespirates, or privateers, fought for Queen Elizabeth of England. Also, for various reasons they were called sea dogs and buccaneers. The privateers were actually encouraged by the government to pillage their enemies. Elizabethan privateers were enlisted and licensed by the government, were unified in their cause, focused more on capturing than destroying enemy ships, and were made famous through their victories. In the Elizabethan Era, England and Spain were in conflict due to their differences in religionRead MoreThe Golden Age of Piracy Essay example1197 Words   |  5 Pagesof ocean travel, for a range of personal and economic reasons. However, one of the major reasons why piracy was wide spread and rampant in the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries was Great Britain’s endorsement and usage of piracy as an asset; in wars fought in the New World. Great Britain with its expanding power and conflicts with other nations would make piracy a lifestyle and lay down the foundation for the Golden Age of Piracy and eventually bring what it created to a screeching halt. PiracyRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of King Philip II864 Words   |  4 PagesWas Philip II of Spain a successful absolute monarch during his rule? Many people believe he had what it took to be absolute monarch, but there were several constraints he faced as a ruler in Spain. Philip II was known for building one of the largest empires from creating effective domestic and foreign policies to gain leadership of his kingdom instead of the local authorities in charge, but he did face problems while ruling the kingdom. His addressed many of these policies, such as the policy againstRead MoreThe European Nations And The Colonization Of The New World898 Words   |  4 Pagescolonization of the New World was Spain, France and England but each for there own unique reasons. The Spanish, the French and the English desire for wealth, religious expansion, and political advantages motivated them to attempt to colonize the New World. Although they were all able to set foot on the New World some wh ere able to colonize enabling them to befit there own Nation from it. The most successful in using the New World to the greatest advantage of its Nation was Spain. However, primary motivation

Ford and Taylorism in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Would workers in Australia, America or Europe accept the Taylorism in this form today? 2.Discuss about Thomas Friedman statement on Globalisation. Answers: 1.E-learning activities Taylorism is a production proficiency approach that breaks each activity, task, or assignment into little and straightforward sections which can be effectively broke down and taught. Presented in the mid twentieth century, Taylorism expects to accomplish greatest division of tasks to limit expertise necessities and employment learning time. It isolates execution of work from work-arranging and isolates coordinate work from indirect labor by replacing it with dependable guideline profitability measurements with exact estimations. It also presents time and movement study for ideal employment execution, cost accounting, device and work station design, and makes conceivable installment by-result strategy for wage assurance (Maier, 2007). However, when the methodology was implemented, it was an era of poor working conditions that prohibited employees from socializing during working hours. The circumstances were so bad that employees had to be permitted by their supervisors to answer calls of nature (YouTube, 2016). According to the video segment, it also shows that internal relations were not allowed as employees were expected to work without communicating with each other. Besides, workers who were members of labor unions were not allowed into the Ford Company and spies were employed to ensure that this was maintained (Maier, 2007). So would todays employees work under these conditions? The labor market today consists of different players namely, the employees, employers, trade unions and the government. Each of these parties have a crucial role in the job market that would make it challenging for the Taylorism approach to apply today. First, the government is responsible for regulating the basic wage rates which is a role that is reinforced by the trade unions (Littler, 2008). On the other hand, labor unions are actively involved in defending the rights of employees to ensure that their employers are not exploiting them. Companies today uphold employee relations limiting the applicability of Taylorism. Lastly, due to globalization and increased awareness of individual rights, employees can speak out where organizations have poor working conditions (Maier, 2007). As such, Taylorism would hardly work in Australia, Europe or America. Taking into consideration the designing of call centers, an element of Taylorism exists. Each employee responds to calls that are passed to them based on their expertise. This ensures that the customer receives appropriate feedback and customer care services. It also ensures that employees are qualified to undertake the task rather than answering call that are beyond their expertise. Since Taylorism aims to divide labor into smaller tasks that require limited expertise, Call centers have used this approach to design their scripts to ensure that information provided is given by an expert in the relevant field (Bain, et al., 2002). Today, globalization and technology are the leading trends that every nation seeks to uphold. As such, the clip on Taylorism may not be applicable in most countries since despite upholding division of labor, it advocated for poor working conditions and lack of employee relations. However, some ideas generated by this clip are quite applicable especially in third world countries. These states are characteristic by high levels of poverty, labor intensive industry and unskilled labor. As such the Taylorism approach would work. First the method advocates for division of tasks into smaller units in to ensure that workers assigned to these tasks can complete them (Littler, 2008). Since the people in third world counties are unskilled, this method would be applicable by reducing training time for employees and the time take to complete tasks. Secondly, as the states have labor intensive industries, this would ensure that a larger population is employed to reduce the dependency ratio. Howeve r, it is expected that the implementation of Taylorism in this nations would be faced by some barriers. Due to globalization, the advocating of employee rights has increased and spread all over the globe, therefore, not all elements of Taylorism may be upheld (Maier, 2007). 2.According to Friedman, the world is currently experiencing the third level of Globalization.in the first phase of Globalization 1.0, which started around 1492, the world went from an estimate extensive size to measure medium. In Globalization 2.0, the time that acquainted the universe with multinational organizations, it went from measure medium to an estimated tiny. And after that around 2000 began Globalization 3.0, where the world decreased from small to tiny. There's a distinction between having the capacity to make long separation telephone calls less expensive on the Internet and the ability to access any information via Google on a portable device anywhere. It's a distinction in degree that is so huge it turns into a distinction in kind (YouTube, 2008). Friedman has attributed the flattening of the globe to ten factors. First he identifies the fallen Berlin Wall that lead to the shift in world power towards the democracies. Secondly the development and actualization of the fiber-optic cables that has facilitated faster access to the internet and coordination among employees. Thirdly, open, out, in, and off-sourcing as some of the strategies that have increased efficiencies by utilizing the comparative advantages of different sources. Lastly, the use of wireless devices and in-forming allows people to access information despite the location. This has created awareness and eliminated the competitive advantage for most faculties. However those are not the main risks involved. Friedman argues that the spread of terrorism is one of the risks that the world faces due to globalization flattening. The ability to access information via the internet and hacking of personal devices has enabled terrorist groups to perpetuate their activities. I do agree with Friedmans iron rule of flat world. In his suggestion, Friedman identifies that with the current trend in globalization, competition no longer exist between countries nor companies, and it now prevails between a person and their imagination. As such, people should strive to be innovative and actualize ideas and concepts that have not be identified before (YouTube, 2008). While the risks of globalization and its benefits are argued by Friedman and his Critics, it is important to note that this trend is not uniform. The developed nation tend to experience more of globalization than the third world economies. Most of these nations still have high levels of illiteracy and poverty. Besides, these countries seeks to actualize democracy and the balance of power. Corruption is one of the problems that third world countries face. For such, globalization has not been experience in high levels (Dunning, 2014). Most of the companies incorporated in these economies are domestic and are dealing with foreign competition due to dumping. Secondly, access to basic amenities such as electricity and water has only been partially achieved. In relation to the developed countries, emerging and developing countries lack the capital-intensive industry and production is more of subsistence rather than mass production (Kumar, and Liu, 2005). Therefore, it is false to state tha t globalization is uniform. Conclusion Taylorism is an approach that entails the division of tasks into smaller units to increase efficiency and reduce employee training time. While this method could still be employed in labor intensive nations, the working conditions that exists around its structure are not recommended. On the other hand, globalization has reduced the world to tiny size where people are expected to compete with their imagination unlike when competition existed between nations and companies. References Bain, P., Watson, A., Mulvey, G., Taylor, P. and Gall, G., 2002. Taylorism, targets and the pursuit of quantity and quality by call centre management. New Technology, Work and Employment, 17(3), pp.170-185. Dunning, J.H., 2014. The Globalization of Business (Routledge Revivals): The Challenge of the 1990s. Routledge. Kumar, S. and Liu, D., 2005. Impact of globalisation on entrepreneurial enterprises in the world markets. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 2(1), pp.46- Littler, C.R., 2008. Understanding taylorism. British Journal of Sociology, pp.185-202. Maier, C.S., 2007. Between Taylorism and Technocracy: European ideologies and the vision of industrial productivity in the 1920s. Journal of contemporary history, 5(2), pp.27-61. YouTube. 2016. Frederick Taylor Scientific Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNfy_AHG-MU [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017]. YouTube. 2008. Thomas Friedman's Three Eras of Globalization. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lp4znWHvsjU [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017]. YouTube. 2008. What Thomas Friedman means when he says "The World is Flat". [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oM2BguxRSyY [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017].

Paraeducator Role in the Inclusive Classroom free essay sample

Therefore, para may be considered to be an essential component of free appropriate education (FAPE) which every student with disabilities is entitled to receive (Etscheidt, 2005). Over the past decade, the use of paraeducators has increased as the number of students with severe disabilities who have been included in general education classes has risen. Many teachers see the paraeducator as essential support required for the student to experience successful inclusion (Giangreco, 2003; Giangreco Doyle, 2002). Paraeducators are referred to in many ways: one-on-one, paraprofessional, additional adult assistant (AAA), teacher’s assistant, paraeducator, aide, individual assistant. Regardless of title, these individuals have become an important part of our schools (Giangreco, Edelman Broar, 2001), helping the classroom teachers and providing more individual assistance to students. For the purpose of this paper, the term para will be used. Students with disabilities who are included in general education classes continue to receive special education instruction from a special education teacher. We will write a custom essay sample on Paraeducator Role in the Inclusive Classroom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, now the special education teacher no longer spends time with the student every day of every week. It is now the general education teacher who spends most of the day with the student, along with 20-30 other students in the class. The general education teacher often has little if any special education training and therefore, paraeducators often spend most of their day with the student, and therefore, is often viewed as the person responsible for the student’s success and failures. There have been many inconsistencies as to the nature of the role, duties and responsibilities of paraeducators (Etscheidt, 2005) in the inclusive class. This paper will address the confusion surrounding what the paraeducator’s role should be in an inclusive classroom, as addressed by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and as perceived by professionals and parents who support students with disabilities. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and the Paraeducator In 1982, in Hendrick Hudson District Board of Education v. Rowley, the Supreme Court defined appropriate education as providing students with disabilities with â€Å"access to specialized instruction and related services which are individually designed to provide educational benefit† (p. 3048). As the years progressed, the definition was expanded and describes educational benefit as being not only academic but also including non-academic benefit such as socialization and self-esteem issues (Etscheidt, 2005). Both IDEA 1997 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) 2004 discuss the role of the paraeducator in a very general, non-specific manner. Under personnel standards, IDEA 1997 states: â€Å"Allow paraprofessionals and assistants who are appropriately trained and supervised, in accordance with State law, regulations, or written policy, in meeting the requirements of this part to be used to assist in the provision of special education and related services to children with disabilities under this part†. 20 U. S. C. 1412(a)(15)(B)(iii) (Giangreco Doyle, 2002) It then continues and specifies: â€Å"persons who work directly under the supervision of licensed professionals and who often deliver instructional and direct services to students and their parents† (GESSLER WERTS, ET AL. , 2004, p. 232). The roles of the para described in the law vary somewhat and only state that they should assist in providing all services, and that they should be tra ined and supervised by qualified professionals (Giangreco, 2003) IDEIA 004 does not define the paraeducator’s role clearly either. It describes the role as â€Å"assisting in the provision of special education and related services†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [[Page 118-119 STAT. 2686]] although IDIEA 2004 continues and states that among other things, the education system should also include : (8) A comprehensive system of personnel development, including the training of paraprofessionals and the training of primary referral sources with respect to the basic components of early intervention services available in the State that— (A) shall include- i) implementing innovative strategies and activities for the recruitment and retention of early education service providers; (ii) promoting the preparation of early intervention providers who are fully and appropriately qualified† (IDEIA ’04) These definitions raise a number of questions, such as who do they ass ist students or the personnel? It seems that there are no boundaries in the law explaining what paraeducators can do. Many students with severe disabilities also have health-care needs. Does this also fall within the domain of the paraeducator’s responsibility? We can often find (write formally 3rd person – not 1st) paraeducators fulfilling various roles which may include: clerical tasks – copying, cutting out, prepping materials; instructional tasks – tutoring, helping with assignments, following-up instruction; personal care tasks; teaching social skills; facilitate peer interactions; managing student’s behavior, etc. (GIANGRECO, YUAN, MCKENZIE, CAMERON FIALKA, 2005 ). What is the Role of the Paraeducator? add more of your self, what do I know, and then support it with references) Paraeducators, teachers, and administrative personnel agree that the teachers carry the responsibility for instruction and academic planning General education teachers, parents, administrative personnel and even paraeducators have different views as to what the paraeducator’s role should include in the inclusive classroom. Paraeducators’ Views Paraeducators are often the main support for students with disabilities in an inclusive classroom, working under the supervision of the classroom teacher, and sometimes also helping others in the classroom (GESSLER WERTS, ET AL. , 2004). In a study conducted by Marks, et al. 999, four main reasons were given by paraeducators as to why they feel that they are needed in the general education classrooms: (1) To make sure the student is not a burden on the teacher – some paraeducator felt that their performance is judged on the basis of how much they can help the teachers, how successful they are in keeping the student out of the teacher’s way, thereby making sure that he/she is not a burden on the teacher, and making sure that the student’s behavior i s under control so that they do not cause a disturbance in the class. 2) To meet the student’s academic needs – the role of many paraeducators seems to take the form of a tutor, of taking responsibility for modifications. Many have said that it is easier to prepare the materials themselves rather than keep after the teachers to prepare them. (3) To serve as a channel for communication between the staff of the school, the student, additional supports and their family – Many paraeducators reported that since they were the one person who was with the student all day, teachers and parents would often pass messages to each other through the paraeducator. This is despite the fact that paraeducators are not responsible for updating the parents or other professionals about the student (GESSLER WERTS, ET AL. , 2004). Almost 1 out of every 4 paraeducators reported that they were in charge of transmitting information to parents (French, 2001), and many of the paraeducators find that they are the principal contact between students with disabilities and their peers and teachers in inclusive settings, as well as being the main adult with which the students with disabilities come in contact with (Young Simpson, 1997 ). 4) To represent successful inclusion – paraeducators often find themselves with the sentiment that they have to advocate inclusion and to defend their students and their placement in general education. Many paraeducators reported that they assume the role of being responsible for the academic and behavioral needs of students with disabilities in a general education setting simply in order to make sure that both the teach ers and students have a positive experience (Etscheidt, 2005). While all paraeducators are in agreement that their support is essential for providing access to the curriculum for many students while helping the teacher (Giangreco, 2003), many of them reported that they are often confused about what the general education teachers expect from them (Wadsworth Knight, 1996). This feeling is especially prevalent in middle and high school, where students have different teachers for different subjects. The literature shows that paraeducators often assume a variety of roles: academic and social skills instruction; modifications; managing the student’s behavior; developing working relationships with others (Marks, et al. 1999) (Young Simpson, 1997 ) (Giangreco Doyle, 2002) (Etscheidt, 2005); providing individual/personal attention, taking exclusive responsibility for them; lunchroom, bus and playground (unstructured activities) supervision (FRENCH, 2001); Paraeducators are also responsible for students’ safety.

Agency

Introduction Agency refers to the power of actors to operate independently in society without interruption. Individuals are not tied to the expectations of the society in the agency-structure theory (Structuration). The society is known to put some pressure on an individual to comply with some of the rules and regulations. Agency-structure is a theory anticipated to express the purposive nature of human action rather than its restricted or resolute facets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Agency-structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Agency is evident in methodological individualism, ethno methodology, and symbolic interaction. In the agency-structure theory, the individual is at the center of all social analysis. Methodological individualism is a theoretical position arguing that adequate sociological accounts emanate from reference to persons, their interpretations of circumstances, and the reasons/motives o f actions that they take. Structure entails social life, which is largely influenced by communal life. Moreover, individual behavior could be elucidated as the artifact of structure. Agency-structure debate is a micro-macro debate and there is a continuous effort to integrate the two. Sociology scholars, including Giddens attempted to integrate the two in order to end the debate. The attempts to integrate the two emphasizes on the complimentarily meaning that the structure influences the individual and the agent has the capability to change the structure. This paper looks at the views of Giddens regarding the two concepts. The paper also looks at the way Giddens tried to integrate the two through, by coming up with structuration theory. Agency and Society Giddens used the notion of temporality, capability, and knowldgeability to explain the actions of agent in society. He observed that an agent has various capabilities that enable him or her to act differently, under different circu mstances. For change to take place in any given human society, an agent must exist freely. Agency could perhaps be defined differently to mean reflective supervision of human behavior. Giddens believed that human beings have the ability to monitor their actions, including the contexts of such actions. He used the term capability to mean that agents are able to portray a number of actions at ago.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, he advised that human beings behave differently under different settings and conditions. It is therefore upon an individual to monitor his or her actions because the capacity to control one’s behavior is what differentiates people. Each person tries to evaluate his or her character and expects others to assess their actions before exposing them to the public. According to Giddens, structures are the outcomes of human actions. Through t he process of reflective monitoring, people are capable of transforming human actions. Before a human being acts, he/she is usually motivated by something. Agents use their knowledge to rationalize an act implying that people act differently because they differ in terms of knowledge. He therefore used the term knowledgeability to imply that human beings have various forms of knowledge that are used differently in society. All human beings tend to scrutinize their actions thoughtfully. Even though human beings are supposed to act in accordance with societal rules and regulations, they are also supposed to use common due to their knowledgeability. People behave differently because of their capability and knowledgeability. Some are perceived to act morally while others are known to go against societal laws regularly. Giddens observed that two forms of consciousnesses inform the capabilities of an individual. The first one is the practical consciousness, which means the reasoning power or the expertise of the individual. This form of consciousness is not easily recognized in everyday life. Another form of consciousness is the discursive realization. This form of consciousness helps an individual to express knowledge. Giddens suggested that individuals have philosophical and relative and knowledge, which helps them to institutionalize structures. In order to be able to institutionalize structures, agents must possess adequate knowledge. Giddens was quick to mention that some factors could perhaps restrain the actions of an individual. He termed such factors as capability constraints. The factors may include the age of the individual, cognitive restrictions and physical health of an individual, which bars an individual from performing certain duties. Others factors include time and space. At certain ages for instance, it would be impossible for an individual to execute some tasks. The most limiting factor is the correlation between the movement of space and the time movement. Moreover, the geographical location of an individual could perhaps affect his or her behavior in society. One of the limiting factors in this category is locale (Mà ¼nch 52). Some places call for certain behaviors only. For instance, people attending a class would be required to pay attention and avoid unnecessary conversations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Agency-structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regionalization is another factor meaning that some actions are not displayed in certain regions. For instance, an individual would wish to exercise prostitution but the Islamic rules would not permit him or her. This means that the region would have played a critical role in controlling the behavior of an individual. Presence is another factor that restrains the actions of an individual. For instance, an individual would only talk in the presence of another person. The rule of reciprocity appli es in some conditions, which forces an individual to avoid the act. However, Giddens observed that human actions are temporary and used the term temporality to imply the elusiveness of human behavior. People would be forced to act in a certain manner but they would be quick to change such actions whenever the situation demands. In his debate regarding temporality, Giddens (1984, p. 35) observed that â€Å"the duree of daily life, it is not too fanciful to say, operates in something akin to what Levi- Strauss calls ‘reversible time.† In this view, Giddens implied that social actions are reversible. In other words, human behavior is temporary in nature. Giddens concluded in this section by noting that an individual has the power to engage in multiple actions. In other words, an agent could perhaps be able to participate in a dialectic control. This would mean that people have the power to refrain from certain actions. Conversely, people have the capability to influence a process, particularly when it does not favor their wishes. Giddens implied that agents have the ability to act independently, even though they are also expected to behave according to societal expectations. Structure and Society Giddens observed that structures consist of rules and resources that regulate the behavior of agents in society. These rules and resources are supposed to be memorized by individuals whenever they relate and interact in society. Whenever faced with any situation, agents use their well to solve the issue at hand given the fact that they are knowledgeable. In this case, being knowledgeable means behaving according to societal rules and regulations. The scholar divided the forms of knowledge into three major categories. The first form of knowledge is the dominant type, which is the powerful form. He used the term resources to denote this form of knowledge. An individual may have authoritative or distributive power (Ritzer 71). Authoritative power is exercised o ver individuals while distributive power means the material capability.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second form of knowledge is the signification or the meaning knowledge. The last form of knowledge, which is the most important, is the legitimate knowledge. This refers to the rules and norms that guide human behavior. All these forms of knowledge are kept in the individual’s memory and are invoked whenever the need arises. In society, an individual has the right to use structures (rules and regulations), as he or she wishes. In case an individual uses the structures for interactive purposes, the structures would be termed as modalities. Moreover, the three forms of knowledge are used during interactive sessions (Baert 61). When individuals interact, it is upon them to establish which form of knowledge to use. Conception of the duality of structure Anthony Giddens found agency-structure to be a duality, which means the two cannot be separated from one another. Agency is implicated in structure and structure is implicated in agency. Giddens refused to recognize structure as constraining the way Durkheim did. Giddens observed that structure is both an enabling and constraining factor in human life. The scholar attempted to integrate the two by developing a theory referred to as structuration. Structuration is a theory claiming that neither the experiences of the individual actor nor the collectivity is supreme. The structure, according to Giddens, consists of rules and resources that permit the integration of time and space in social life. The existence of structure enables the existence of social practices in different times and space. People utilize the existing structures to conduct their normal businesses. The structures are preserved in the memories of individuals implying that the structures cannot exist without the presence of individuals. Through the memory traces, an individual is able to carry out his or functions in society. The social practices enable the generation of structures. In this view, Giddens observed that the indispensable recu rsive of societal life is represented in social actions. Structure is both an intermediate and a result of duplication of human actions (Turner 12). Structure penetrates concurrently into the social life of the agent. In his theory, Giddens utilized the phrase the duality of structure to bring out clearly the power of the structure as both an intermediate and a result of an action. Within and agent, societal rules and norms exist both internally and externally. Internally, policies and sets of laws of certain people are conserved in the memoirs of agents, which are the outcomes of their tradition. Externally, the rules and norms of society are the expressions of social behaviors. Social structures such as the customs consist of agents since they are the outcomes of past actions. In this sense, duality comes out strongly in the structuration theory implying that an agent cannot exist without structures. Agents base their behaviors on the expectations and rules of society. Similarly, structures depend on agents to preserve the rules and norms. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be observed that structuration theory intends to illuminate the duality and the dialectical interplay between the two. Agency and structure cannot be conceived to be a part or separate from one another but instead they are two sides of the same coin. They are a dualism that represents duality. Agency and social rules are inextricably intertwined in all human actions. To Giddens, sociologists have exaggerated the constraining nature of structure on agency. Structure and agency are similar to the egg and hen story. Agency and structure are a duality meaning one cannot exist without the other. From the theory, it is eminent that the changes in social rules are brought about by the changes in time and space. Works Cited Baert, Patrick. Social theory in the twentieth century. Cambridge; Polity press, 1998. Print Mà ¼nch, Richard. Sociological theory. Developments since the 1960s. New York: Nelson Hall, 1994. Print. Ritzer, George. Sociological Theory. 4th ed. New York: Knopf, 1996. Print. Turner, Jonathan. The structure of sociological theory. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1998. Print. This essay on Agency-structure was written and submitted by user Elisabeth Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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buy custom The Life of People with Disabilities essay People perceive them as different/abnormal. For instance, they refer to them with sharp, short names such as A.D.D, autistic, hyper. They think that people with disabilities are not knowledgeable enough; that they do not even such basic tasks as reciting ABCs, count one to five or even be able to play with other children of their age. Their parents see them as normal kids, but not the people surrounding them (Irish Center). Robinson (2003) says that people tend to view those with disabilities as needing pity. When I watched, read and listened from this module, my initial feelings were composed of pity. My perception was that they need special attention; that they cannot be included in the same programs as others. Initially, I thought that these peoples lives were hard and that they were tasking to their families. Since some are blind, others cannot walk, others do no hear and are autistic, I tended to think that they could not be of much help; rather they would require mch from those without disabilities. Did the initial thoughts and perceptions you had at the beginning change after completing the module? However, after going through the module, I was convinced otherwise. The observations I made on the experiences of those people do not entirely agree with this negative view. I found out that a person with a disability does not necessarily have to be a beggar, ill nor unable. For instance, there are various people with different disabilities featured in the module. Andrea Bocelli is blind, but has a Doctorate of Law and is a reputable musician with several awards for his title; there is a teenager with Down syndrome celebrating a golf shot; a guitarist with no arms and many more cases (Irish Center). This shows that they are just normal like any other person; they have talents like we do and are bright too. They are able to support their own lives and those of others. Additionally, it was evident that there are certain religious and ethnic perspectives influence peoples views both positively or negatively regarding those with disabilities. However, if people in various professions lea rnt to engage them as normal students, patients or employees, they would fit appropriately. Share at least one strategy for fostering an inclusive environment in your classroom. One strategy that can be used for fostering an inclusive environment in class is using inclusive language; and the appropriate modes of address; and discouraging classroom incivilities. One can achieve this by celebrating the similarities, while, at the same time, discovering the differences between students. Support accessibility of computer and other information technologies as methods of interaction between lecturer and students. Also, one should provide students with opportunities to interact informally with him . Establishing ground rules for good classroom conduct are essential to protect insensitivity and cultural exclusion (Barker M). Buy custom The Life of People with Disabilities essay

Leaders of China in the 20th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leaders of China in the 20th Century - Essay Example This resentment yield fruits by beginning of the Boxer Rebellion in the 20th Century (Kissinger, 2011). China was modified into Republic of China when the 1911 Revolution replaced the two thousand years old imperial system in China led by Sun Yat-sen. January of 1946 marked the beginning of another struggle for power in China. It was Chiang Kai-shek who served as a military assistance to Sun Yat-sen. He was a nationalist supporter. After demise of Sun Yat-sen,, he became popular with the people and became the first ever President of China under a novel, and slacken constitution. During his regime, he was unable to come up with any resolution with the Communists regardless of his long run negotiations with them (Loh, 1971). The drawback of Chiang Kai-shek government was a failure to come in settlement with the Communists and so he was restricted only to the island of Taiwn by 1950 when the United States funds were stopped. He negotiated with the United States military forces and established limited democracy in the country which was already a failure. He began to urge Nationalist guerillas on the mainland of China but was severely bruited. The UN expelled his government in 1971 and subsequently gave rights to the Communists to hold their legitimate regime in the country (Loh, 1971).. United States intervened in Chinese cities led by KMT, while the countryside was under the control of CCP. CCP took action against the KMT in the cities as civilians began to take stand for their country. So, Mao Zedong took over China on 1st October, 1949 when Taiwan took over KMT and yet again gave birth to People’s Republic of China. When Mao Zedong took control over China, he was regarded as one of the big revolutionaries but also one of the most horrible politicians of his time (Spence, 1999). It was Mao who formed the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in